Nanotechnology In Architecture

Nanotechnology In ArchitectureHistorically and geographically human clear lived in extremely wide-ranging technology or environment and have had to conform to comfort habitats and thus the architects have had to manage the ideal of design as well as consist the exploitationary technology.A technology has evolved to a level where it is just too complex. Sometimes satisfying the need of the user and sometimes becoming too redoubted when the negative consequences ar not taken care of.For example, the issues of the Large scales in architecture is one such matter which has been partially solved with the help of woeful cost materials, energy savingetc. The scientists have developed and are continuing to develop nanotechnology to help architects incorporate more artificial intelligence in construction.Nanotechnology is a combination of mixed fields of science analogous, Bio- technology, Chemistry, Physics, Bio-informatics, etc. thither are three chief divisions in Nanotech Nanoele ctronics, Nanomaterials, and Nano-Biotechnology. Worldwide, there is much enthusiasm rough nanotechnology as it has application in medicine, electronics, biomaterials, energy etc. It is observed that US, Japan, and Germany dominate the current RD effort in nanotechnology with a focus on they own expertness and needs (Hyd and spook, 2012).The use and control of the technology at an atomic or section scale known as nanotechnology has started to have its regard like neer before in materials of constructions and has immense futurist reach in architecture, this application of the nanotechnology and nanomaterials in architecture is NanoArchitecture.The nano world in technology is a real challenge for todays designers, it started with an apprehending and control of the technology and materials on one billionth (10-9) scale. The understanding of these materials, its use in architecture to be profitable for users and its implication on the grammatical construction (Construction) are some of the key aspect for inquiry in this dissertation. With the perfect solution of this dilemma, the Architects would not only when know how big their task is but how it faculty lead to new ways of thinking architecture.After understanding the meaning and origin of this technology, we will athletic field veritable aspects that is a must in todays constructions and then we see the direction where this science is acquittance, we will as well look at the ways to incorporate these technologies in our architecture, therefore the question that will guide our inquiry is how does nano (technology, materials, science, concept, form and component part) become serious to the level of influencing architects (designers).Nanotechnology is developed in the manner that it is active or supine, this repartition will lead us to a larger-than-life study but our focus will rely on the relation passive active nanostructure and application of nanotechnology in a building design and constr uction.Passive nanotechnologies, such as nanocoatings, nanoparticles, and nanostructured materials, are already available. Second times active nanostructures, for example, nanoelectro- machinelike systems, nanomachines, self-healing materials, and targeted chemicals, mint evolve their properties, structure and/or state during their operation. This could increase nanotechnologys impacts and require new approaches for run a jeopardize assessment.Active nanostructures are likely to have a several(predicate) and increased profile of impacts (including benefits as well as potential risks) compared with passive nanotechnologies.RESEARCH suspicion How does nano (technology, materials, science, concept, form and function) becomes important to the level of influencing architects (designers). NEED IDENTIFICATIONOver the years the materials use in buildings (during construction, inside or outside finishes) has been of a large scale, the evolution today have brought into existence the mat erials on a microscopic scale with even more value to life and building.They cannister be metals, ceramics, polymers or composites. cognize as nanomaterials, nanocomposites, and manufactured nanomaterials (MNMs), the method of making these materials begins at the molecular or atomic level, sometimes creating new products with extraordinary physical and chemical properties. For example, a hundred nanotube has strength of 150 times that of steel but is approximately six times lighter. Besides strength enhancement, properties can include self-cleaning, super hardness, galvanising conductivity, antimicrobial superior thermal resistance and st readiness, non-flammability, lightweight, anti-corrosion, superior barrier, light emitting and low permeability, among others. Applications in the building industry include use as fire retardants, gritty performance insulation, protective coatings, equipment lubricants, structural integrity enhancement and monitoring, photovoltaic, stronger b endable cables, and self-cleaning or heat absorbing windows ( CFN, 2011 ) Using these materials which contain extraordinary application in the building can also bring amazing influences to the architect, designer or the design. Therefore apart from attempting to understand the transformation that the nanotechnology brings to our building there is a need to understand by students the uses of nanotechnology for creating better design.SCOPE A general understanding of nano especially toward architecture Nanotechnology (materials) applications in buildings Concept form and function derived from nanoLIMITATION The laboratories details of certain materials and nano applications in medical branches will not be part of our research. This research dissertation will have some limitation in details like calculations, manufactures process, chemical components. Thinking in more detail about how to use nanomaterials in a design context, a first consideration is simply to outline what is universe design?. But there is a lack of built case studies, so we will rely on existing, futurist, basic concept and breeding materials. Regarding the size of this matter nanotechnology, we will limit at the level where nanotech is active and very briefly talk about the passive NanotechnologyRESEARCH METHODOLOGYN A N O A R C H I T E C T U R EPART O. COLLECT RELEVANT DATAThis methodology starts with a basic understanding (through various sources) of nano technology specially its applications in the materials and its relation with form and function in architecture.A. Research BooksB. Online discussions ancient and actual debates.C. Study previous paper or dissertations and case studies through with(p) on this matter.D. Literature survey Consist time lag together all info found and relative to the topic and relevant to the research question.PART I. INTRODUCTION, NEED IDENTIFICATION, SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE RESEARCHPART II. NANOTECHNOLOGY What is nanotechnology Nanoproducts Categories ( Passive and Active) why this fuss Nanotechnology risk Sectors applicationNANOTECHNOLOGIES APPLICATIONS IN ARCHITECTURE = NANOARCHITECUTEPART III. APPLICATION-FORM AND FUNCTION with its ImpactAir-purifyingAnti-foggingSolar vindicationFire-proofAnti-graffitiScratchproof and abrasion-resistantAnti-fingerprints Self-cleaningEasy-to-clean (ETC)Thermal insulationTemperature regulationUV protectionAnti-reflectiveN. Antibacterial possibility studies and examples designateing how does certain of these proprieties can be include and what promise does it bring to buildings New architectural readying. New creativities in form and functions.C O N C L U S I O NCASE STUDY METHODOLOGIESPrimary Case studyBy consulting an expert in the energy consumption field and materials that relate to it. The reading of the applications in nanotechnology in todays constructions is more related to Green designers, this part of the design has an impact in the ecology and climate control therefore the green rated buildings has in fact a considerable amount of nanotechnology use in it. This leads us to impact to architects involved in green concepts or sustainability from LEED etc ( Ar Alex Nyembo Kalenga) and also we could make a visit studies on the actual certified Green building Rajiv Gandhi urja Bhavan at Vasan Kunj New Delhi Still in Construction.A list of questions has guided our study and survey interview in which the answers are include to our conclusion of this research1. A personal understanding of Nanotechnology or Nanoarchitecture.2. If any specific material at a nano scale is used to improve certain aspects in the building, such as Insulation reduction Lighting Energy storage Air purification Water management3. How do you think buildings designed exclusively on scientific principles of Nanotechnology will affect their occupants?4. Does Nanotechnology have an impact on todays practicing architects If yes at what scale does it influence them? Any example? If not Why so?Secondar y Case studyThe conceptual level derived of the interpretation of nano differs from an architect to another.1. Two typology of this nano buildings as guided this part of the research5. Existing Nano Buildings ( Nano House Initiative, Australia )6. Futurist Nano Buildings ( Multi-storey Apartment building, 2001 )2. A list of materials (Function) originated from nanotechnology or concepts that have already been involved to some construction process, structurally or non structurally, environment effect has been touched on to clarify its impact to architecture.REFERENCES..Hyd and spook (2012, January), nanotechnology in india. Retrieved from http//www.indianofficer.com/forums/11771-nanotechnology-india.htmlixzz2Awlr7jNb heart for Functional Nanomaterials ( 2011). Nanomaterials for architecture and buildings. Brookhaven. Retrieved from http//www.solaripedia.com/13/360/nanomaterials_for_architecture__building.htmlNANOARCHITECTURE magnificence of nanotechnology in architectureN A N O T E C H N O L O G YII.1. Fundamental KnowledgeII.1.1. WHAT IS NANOTECHNOLOGY?A brick is the smallest building block in construction. whatsoever you do, the strength of the building is limited to the strength of the brick. The brick itself is made of minute particles of clay bonded together. One has limited control over how the particle of clay forms. Each particle of clay in turn is formed from molecules joined together in a particular pattern dictated by the forces of nature. What happens if it is possible to arrange these molecules in a pattern that provides greater strength? You get stronger clay and a stronger brick. This results in a much thinner, but stronger wall. This technology of arranging molecules the way we inadequacy is a basis of nanotechnology. (Johnzactruba, 2011)A strict definition of nanotechnology characterizes it as the manipulation of a matter at the scale of one-billionth of a meter or smaller. The measurement of one-billionth of a meter is identified as one nano meter (nm) (Jeffrey H. Matsuura,1957).Nano, is a word which does not only mean billionth little but also leaves a billionth of question in mind, because of the complexity to understand its simplicity. It is a world hold by the scientist, chemist and physicians.Yes nanotechnology is a relatively recent development in scientific research but not new. The level of its study and diversity has involved touching now many welkin of life and becoming more and more known by the public.The concept first was introduced by American physicist Richard P. Feynman (1918-1988). But it is noted that in the 10th centuries the sixteenth centuries the ruby-red color of many stained-glass windows from the medieval era was a consequence of embedded nanoscale metallic particles within the glass.There were no scientific understanding of these phenomena at the time, nor were there deliberate attempts to produce what we now know as nanomaterials. Early knowledge relied on craft-based trial and error to ach ieve effects we must trammel in mind, however, that not all interesting color phenomena are a result of embedded nanomaterials ( Michael F. Ashby, 2009).The evolution of nanotechnology has been more or slight in the knowledge domain of chemical, medicine and physics (technique) then it involved to the environment, energy, agriculture, communication and information because of some of its advantage and disadvantage in the society.The main tools used in nanotechnology are three main microscopes Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), Atomic Force Microscope (AFM), and Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM). (Jamie Jackson, CIS 121)II.1.2. NANO PRODUCTSUse as gateways to build other nano products, Nanosensors can be chemical sensors or mechanical sensors. Amongst other applications they can be used To monitor physical parameters such as temperature, displacement and flow As accelerometers in Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) devices that can rapidly and remotely detect change in th eir surroundings like airbag sensors For medical diagnostic purposes either as blood borne sensors or in lab-on-a-chip type devices To detect various chemicals in gases for pollution monitoring Sensors using carbon nanotube detection elements are capable of detecting a range of chemical vapors. These sensors work by reacting to the changes in the resistance of a carbon nanotube in the presence of a chemical vapor ( Hawks Perch Technical Writing, 2007).II.1.2.1. NanotubeKnown as well as Carbon Nanotube (CNTs), it is a tube-shaped material or cylindrical nanostructure made of carbon, having a diameter of nanometer scale. Nanotubes form a tiny portion of the material(s) in some baseball bats, golf clubs, or car parts.Carbon nanotubes are the strongest and stiffest materials yet discovered in terms of tensile strength and elastic modulus respectively. In 2000, a multi-walled carbon nanotube was tested to have a tensile strength of 63 gigapascals (grade point average). Since carbon nano tubes have a low density for a solid of 1.3 to 1.4 g/cm3, its specific strength of up to 48,000 kNmkg1 is the best of known materials, compared to high-carbon steels 154 kNmkg1.Standard single-walled carbon nanotubes can withstand a pressure up to 24GPa without deformation. The bulk modulus of super hard phase nanotubes is 462 to 546 GPa, even higher than that of diamond (420 GPa for single diamond crystal) and can produce materials with toughness unmatched in the man-made and natural worlds.Because of the carbon nanotubes superior mechanical properties, many structures have been proposed ranging from commonplace items like clothes and sports gear to combat jackets and space elevators. However, the space elevator will require further efforts in refining carbon nanotube technology, as the practical tensile strength of carbon nanotubes can still be greatly improved (Wikipedia, 2012).II.1.2.2. NanocompositesThe definition of nano-composite material has broadened significantly to encom pass a large variety of systems such as one-dimensional, two-dimensional, three-dimensional and amorphous materials, made of distinctly dissimilar components and mixed at the nanometer scale (Kanatzidis, 2006).New materials with novel proprieties are generate rapidly through this field. The properties of nano-composite materials depend not only on the properties of their individual parents but also on their morphology and interfacial characteristics.Although nanoscale reinforcements (or nanofillers) of nanocomposites have different kinds of fillers such as nanofibers, nanowires, nanotubes and nanoparticles etc, their mechanical behaviors have some common features. As the figure shows a potential use of nanocomposites as multifunctional materials (Journal Club, 2008).AREA OF APPLICATION such mechanical property emoluments have resulted in major interest in nanocomposite materials in numerous automotive and general/industrial applications. These include potential for employment as m irror housings on various vehicle types, door handles, engine covers and intake manifolds and timing belt covers. More general applications currently being considered include usage as impellers and blades for vacuum cleaners, power tool housings, mower hoods and covers for portable electronic equipment such as mobile phones, pagers etc (Professor J.N. Hay, 2001).The inorganic components can be three-dimensional framework systems such as zeolites, two-dimensional layered materials such as clays, metal oxides, metal phosphates, chalcogenides, and even one-dimensional and zero-dimensional materials such as (Mo3Se3-)n duress and clusters. Experimental work has generally shown that virtually all types and classes of nanocomposite materials lead to new and improved properties when compared to their macrocomposite counterparts.Therefore, nanocomposites which combine new nanomaterials with more traditional ones such as steel, concrete, glass, and plastics, can be many times stronger than s tandard materials and promise new applications in many fields such as mechanically reinforced lightweight components, non-linear optics, barrage cathodes and ionics, nano-wires, sensors and other systems. On the market there already a nanocomposite steel that is three times stronger than conventional steel. Before long, nano-reinforced glass might be used for both structure and enclosure. In the some student projects in the nanoSTUDIO at Ball State University, nanotube structural panels create transparent load-bearing curtain walls free of columns and beams, quantum dots make walls and ceilings light up or change color with the flip of a switch, and nanosensors in building components create smart environments that constantly adapt to their environment and users.II.1.3. TYPOLOGYM. C. Roco, one of the driving forces behind the NNI, has developed a more detailed typology of nanotechnologies. He identifies four generations of nanotechnologies passive nanostructures, active nanostructu res, systems of nanosystems and molecular nanosystems (J. Clarence, 2009)( Fig04 For generation of nanotechnology development, Center for Responsible Nanotechnology )Each generation of products is marked by the creation of commercial prototypes using systematic control of the respective phenomena and manufacturing processes. Products may also include components which hold in to different generations. Todays rudimentary capabilities of nanotechnology for systematic control and manufacture at the nanoscale are expected to evolve significantly in both complexity and the degree of integration by 2020.II.1.3.1 Passive to Active nanotechnologyIt has been suggested that an important transition in the long-run trajectory of nanotechnology development is a shift from passive to active nanostructures.Such a shift could present different or increased societal impacts and require new approaches for risk assessment. An active nanostructure changes or evolves its state during its operation, acco rding to the National learning Foundations (2006) Active Nanostructures and Nanosystems grant solicitation.Passive (steady function) nanostructuresBehaviour inert or reactive nanostructures which have stable deportment and quasi -constant properties during their use.Potential risk e.g. nanoparticles in cosmetics or food with large scale production and high exposure rates.Active (evolving function nanostructures)Behaviour the nanostructures properties are designed to change during operation so behaviour is variable and potentially unstable. Successive changes in state may occur (either intended or as an unforeseen reaction to the external environment).Potential risk e.g. nanobiodevices in the human body pesticides engineered to react to different conditions.Categories of active nanostructures are Remote actuated active nanostructures, such as light-actuated embedded sensors Environmentally responsive active nanostructures, such as responsive drug delivery Miniaturized active nanos tructures, such as synthetic molecular motors and molecular machines Hybrid active nanostructures, or uncommon combinations of materials, such as silicon-organic Transforming active nanostructures, such as self-healing materials. (M.C. Roco, 2004, 2007)Tour estimates the time it will take to commercialize each of these types as 0-5 years for passive nanotechnologies, 15-50 years or more for active nanotechnologies and 7-12 years for hybrids (J. Clarence, 2009)II.1.4. WHY ALL THE FUSS ABOUT NANOTECHNOLOGY?NANOTECHNOLOGY THE SCIENCE CHANGING YOUR LIFE Penny SarchetThe advantages of using nanomaterials in construction are enormous. When you consider that 41 percent of all energy use in the United States is consumed by commercial and residential buildings, the potential benefits of energy-saving materials simply are vast (Dr. Pedro Alvarez of rice University, 2010) and when we have to evaluate the energy used by buildings in the rest of the world the result will surly show that the us e of the nanomaterials in buildings will be of an anxiety necessity.Nanotechnology thus has profound potential because it can free us from some traditional limits and offer us useful new capabilities. Nanotechnology can change some of the physical rules that have traditionally confined us. It can also free us from some of the limitations that have long been placed upon us by size ( Jeffrey H, 1957).The key is to understand the specific risks and implications of the product before it is widely used. This way we can ensure that nanotechnology evolves as a tool for sustainability rather than as an environmental liability (Dr. Pedro Alvarez of Rice University, 2010).Benefices and profit with the nanotechnology is now in the hand of everyone and architects are with no doubt going to shape this realm to another level.e.g. Solera enables seamless integration of natural daylight into the design and function of buildings. Well daylighted spaces deliver substantial and measurable benefits to sustainability, energy readiness and human performance. This series of products provide architects with solutions to solve the challenges traditionally associated with daylighting techniques including solar heat gain, cost, complexity and glare.Other materials such as brick have already showed us the changes that it has done to the industries, life, designers, buildersIn the early days, paint was available in a limited variety of colors for you to take up. Now most of the paint shops have mixers that allow the users to choose the color they require. The manufacturers have to produce and assembly line only a few basic colors, reducing production and inventory costs at much greater satisfaction to the consumer. The future of nanotechnology will be the personal nano-factories, like the paint mixers, that allow you to produce any material that you require. The shops have to carry only stock in molecular form.Advances in nanotechnology are moving at an exponential rate. It will eventu ally encompass every field of human activity including energy. (Johnzactruba, 2011)Disadvantages of Nanotechnology pencil eraser hazards with nanomaterials, Some studies detected possible cancer-causing properties of carbon nanotubes, Some nanomaterials bounded with other materials or components (Jamie Jackson, CIS 121)II.1.5. RISK OF NANOTECHNOLOGYIt is obvious to find out that except from the greatness and staggering opportunities that nanotechnology offers, the risks are associated with it as well. And these risk touch-up on health, environment, IndustryBecause of the size of the particles, nanomaterials may enter human and other living bodies and disrupt body-functions. Some nanoparticles may also be non-biodegradable thereby posing a new threat to the environment. Therefore it is polar to examine and estimate the risk for regulating the production, use, consumption and disposal of these materials. (Hyd and spook, 2012).For example, Health effects of several insulating mater ials are a concern1. The fibers released from fiberglass insulation may be carcinogenic, and fiberglass insulation now requires cancer warning labels.2. There are also claims that the fire retardant chemicals or respirable particles in cellulose insulation may be hazardous (Dr. George, 2007).The risk most talked about is the ability of nanotech carbon tubes to potentially cause asbestosis-type illnesses, (Mike Childs, 2012)Manufactured nanomaterials (MNMs) and nanocomposites are being considered for various uses in the construction and related infrastructure industries. To achieve environmentally responsible nanotechnology in construction, it is important to consider the lifecycle impacts of MNMs on the health of construction workers and dwellers, as well as unintended environmental effects at all stages of manufacturing, construction, use, demolition, and disposal.Emphasis in industries In India, late industry participation has also begun in this area, and there is an emphasis on f ostering public-private partnerships (PPP). Nonetheless government support to this sector remains crucial for three reasons1. Nanotechnology is a capital-intensive technology and is in an embryonic phase, thus industry would not be able to sustain the research effort needed for the substantiation of scientific and technological infrastructure.2. The state is required to define the regulatory framework. In 2010-11 this process was initiated.3. The state ,particularly in the developing country context, can set the order of business and resist the tendency to uncritically follow international trends in research that do not address their developmental needs.REFERENCES..Dr. George, 2007. Insulation, nanotechnology for green building. Retrieved from http//esonn.fr/esonn2010/xlectures/mangematin/Nano_Green_Building55ex.pdf page 12Dr. Pedro Alvarez of Rice University (2010, January). Future Cities Nanotechnology promises more sustainable buildings, bridges, and others structures Retrieved from http//portal.acs.org/portal/acs/corg/ matter?_nfpb=true_pageLabel=PP_ARTICLEMAINnode_id=2103content_id=CNBP_025646use_sec=truesec_url_var=region1__uuid=00475ea1-8da9-4443-8448-baaff07d9f4aHawks Perch Technical Writing (2007). Carbon nanotubesand applications. Retrieved from http//www.understandingnano.com/nanotubes-carbon.htmlHyd and spook (2012, January), nanotechnology in india. Retrieved from http//www.indianofficer.com/forums/11771-nanotechnology-india.htmlixzz2Awlr7jNbJamie Jackson, CIS 121 Computer Programming II (C++). Nanotechnology and the maturation of Computer Circuits retrieved from Jeffrey H. Matsuura, (1957). Nanotechnology regulation and policy worldwide. why all the fuss about nanotechnology?. Artech house, boston-london.Journal Club ( 2008, may ). Mechanical Behaviors of Polymer-matrix Nanocomposites. Retrieved from http//me.utep.edu/lrxu/Mechanical%20Behavior%20of%20Polymer.htmJ. Clarence davies, PEN( 2009, April) Oversight of next generation NANOTECHNOLOGYJ ohnzactruba, (2011, may). Applicationof nano technology for energy, Retrieved from http//www.brighthubengineering.com/power-plants/87228-applications-of-nanotechnology-for-energy/Kanatzidis, (2006, may). Nanocomposites. Retrieved from http//www.cem.msu.edu/kanatzid/Nanocomposites.htmlMichael F. Ashby, Paulo J.Ferreira, Daniel L. Schodek, (2009) Nanomaterials, Nanotechnologies and Design, a brief history of materials, elsevier Ltd. pg 29Mike Childs, 2012, march technology making the splash. http//www.guardian.co.uk/nanotechnology-world/technology-making-a-splashM.C. Roco (2004, 2007), shift to active nanostructures is hypothesized. Retrieved from http//bit.ly/activenanoProfessor J.N. Hay and S.J. Shaw (2001, September). Nanocomposites proprieties and applications. Retrieved from http//www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=921Wikipedia ( 2012, november). Carbon nanotube. Retieved from http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_nanotubeNANOARCHITECTUREImportance of nanotechnology in architecture A P P L I C A T I O N S( Fig05 compend of Nanotechnology from an Industrial Ecology Perspective Part I Inventory Evaluation of Life Cycle Assessments of Nanotechnologies.)III.1. Environmental applicationEnvironmentally, Nanotechnology also has the potential to help our environment. typesetters case It controls pollution through source reduction. This is a method of eliminating toxic waste at its source, with the understanding that releasing the waste into the environment is the last resort. Source reduction can be achieved by cleaning up existing processes or by reducing consumption of resources where such consumption creates pollution.III.1.1. InsulationThe impact of the improvement of insulation reductions is counted by billions of pounds annually. Ref table(Fig06 Potential sources of EU CO2 emission reductions )Nanoscale materials hold great promise as insulators because of their extremely high surface-to-volume ratio. This gives them the ability to trap still air within a mate rial layer of minimal thickness (conventional insulating materials like fibreglass and polystyrene get their high insulating value less from the conductive properties of the materials themselves than from their ability to trap still air.) Insulating a nonmaterial may be sandwiched between rigid panels, applied as thin films, or paint on as coatings (Dr. George, 2007) Nanogel panels AerogelThis material as an incredible ability and capacity such as strength, it can take its own load 2000 times reminding that it has only 5 percent solid and the rest is filled with air only an are also applicable on fabric architecture or structures.Because nanoporous aerogels can be sensitive to moisture, they are often marketed sandwiched between wall panels that repel moisture. Aerogel panels are available with up to 75 percent translucency, and their high air content means that a 9cm (3.5) thick aerogel panel can offer an R-value of R-28, a valu