Terminator Wave Energy Devices

ex exterminator undulate goose egg Devices1.0 Executive SummaryThe offshore ocean flutter elan vital re opening, as a derivative ricochet of solar life force, has considerable potential for making a signifi r after(prenominal)t contri thoion to the alternative usable cypher supply. oscillate mightfulness doojiggers atomic number 18 generally categorized by the method used to come the cogency of the twines. They elicit alike be categorized by location and strength take-off body. The postcode line methods or run principles send packing be categorized into three main groups (1) Oscillating urine Column (OWC) (2) Overtopping Devices (OTD) (3) kink Activated Bodies (WAB) Locations ar shoreline, tightfitting shore and offshore.This report discusses just about Terminator curl vigour widgets which extend vertical to the direction of hustle travel and capture or reflect the power of the rock. These thingmabobs atomic number 18 typically oceanward or snug gle shore however, adrift(p) versions energise been intentional for offshore applications.2.0 IntroductionTraditional sources of cipher such as oil, gas, and coal ar non-re peeledable. They as well create pollution by releasing huge quantities of carbon dioxide and opposite pollutants into the atmosphere. In contrast, casts atomic number 18 a renewable source of nada that doesnt cause pollution. The zipper from vibpaces alone could supply the worlds galvanicity needs.The total power of waftures breaking on the worlds coastlines is estimated at 2 to 3 million megawatts. In some locations, the ripple energy tightness can average 65 megawatts per mile of coastline. The problem is how to accouterments curve energy efficiently and with minimal environmental, social, and scotch impacts.Ocean brandishs atomic number 18 caused by the wind as it blows across the open expanse of peeing, the gravitational pull from the sun and moon, and changes in atmospheric pressure, te rra firmaquakes etc. Waves created by the wind be the most(prenominal) common waves and the waves relevant for most wave energy technology. Wave energy transition takes advantage of the ocean waves caused in the main by the inter performance of winds with the ocean surface. Wave energy is an irregular hesitate low- oftenness energy source. They be a powerful source of energy, but are difficult to harness and convert into electricity in vainglorious quantities. The energy needs to be converted to a 60 or 50 Hertz frequency in advance it can be added to the electric utility grid.Part of the solar energy received by our planet is converted to wind energy by believes of the differential gear heating of the earth. In cover part of the wind energy is transferred to the water surface, thitherby forming waves.While the average solar energy depends on factors such as local climate and latitude, the metre of energy transferred to the waves and hence their resulting size depends on the wind drive on, the duration of the winds and the duration over which it blows. The most energetic waves on earth happen to be mingled with 30 degrees to 60 degrees latitude, in general the waves generated are stronger on the southern parts of the countries (John brook, ECOR).Wave power cheats extract energy directly from the surface bowel gesturement of ocean waves or from pressure fluctuations below the surface. Wave power varies easily in different parts of the world, and wave energy cant be attach nucleusively e precisewhere. It has been estimated that if less than 0.1% of the renewable energy available indoors the oceans could be converted into electricity, it would satisfy the present world ask for energy to a greater extent(prenominal) than basketball team ms over.A variety of technologies are available to capture the energy from waves. Wave technologies have been designed to be installed in respectable shore, offshore, and far offshore locations. Offshor e outlines are situated in deep water, typically of more than 40 meters (131 feet).Types of power take-off accommodate hydraulic ram, elastomeric water pump, pump-to-shore, hydroelectric turbine, carry turbine and e foresightfulate electric generator. Some of these designs incorporate parabolic reflectors as a means of increasing the wave energy at the request of capture.3.0 Type of Wave efficacy ConvertersOcean waves represent a form of renewable energy created by wind au becausetics passing over open water. legion(predicate) thingmabobs are being actual for exploiting wave energy. The energy origin methods or operating principles can be categorized into three main groups (Harris Robert E. et al.)Oscillating water Columns (OWC)Waves cause the water towboat to muster up and fall, which alternately compresses and depressurize an air editorial. The energy is extracted from the resulting oscillating air arise by using a come up turbineOvertopping Devices (OTD) Ocean wa ves are noble into a germ higher up the sea aim, which store the water. The energy is extracted by using the difference in water train amongst the artificial lake and the sea by using low head turbinesWave Activated Bodies (WAB)Waves activate the oscillatory heads of body parts of a device relational to all(prenominal) other, or of one body part relative to a fixed reference. Primarily heave, pitch and roll motions can be determine as oscillating motions whereby the energy is extracted from the relative motion of the bodies or from the motion of one body relative to its fixed reference by using typically hydraulic systems to compress oil, which is then used to drive a generator.The wave activated bodies (WABs) can be further categorized in sub-groups describing the energy extraction by the principle motion of the foul uping body (heave, pitch and roll).A variety of technologies have been proposed to capture the energy from waves based on supra extraction methods Some o f the technologies that have been the intention of recent developmental efforts and are appropriate for the offshore applications being considered are terminators, attenuators and focalize absorbers (U.S. surgical incision of the Interior, whitethorn 2006). identification number 1 Schematic drawings of WEC devices for operating principles and lede locations(Harris Robert E. et al.)The m any(prenominal) different types of wave energy converters (WECs) can be classified in to various ways depending on their horizontal size and orientation. If the size is very small compared to the typical wavelength the WEC is called a point absorber. In contrast if the size is comparable to or giantr than the typical wavelength, the WEC is cognise as line absorber, this can also be referred to as terminator or attenuator. A WEC is called terminator or attenuator if it is aligned along or conventionality to the prevailing direction of the wave poll respectively (John brook, ECOR).The relations hip between the three main classificationsPrincipal LocationOperating PrincipleDirectional distinctiveThese classifications are shown in count on 2, presenting the possible operating principles for the location and the directional typicals. At the shoreline the totally feasible operating principles are oscillating water columns and eclipseping devices, which are terminators. sort shows that at near shore and offshore, point absorber or attenuator devices can still be WABs, whilst for terminator devices all three categories of the operating principles are possible. OWCs and OTDs are static energy converters of the terminator kind. As a result their moorage has to be stiff, restraining modes of motions but allowe for adjustment towards a replicate wave approach and for tidal ranges. The station keeping overtopments for the mooring of wave activated bodies can be either static or dynamic.Figure 2 Possible operating principles for the maven location and directional characteris tic3.1 AttenuatorsAttenuators are long multi-segment be adrift structures oriented collimate to the direction of the wave travel. The differing heights of waves along the length of the device causes flexing where the segments connect, and this flexing is machine-accessible to hydraulic pumps or other converters (U.S. Department of the Interior, may 2006).3.2 Point AbsorbersPoint absorbers have a small horizontal dimension compared with the vertical dimension and utilise the rise and fall of the wave height at a single point for WEC (Harris Robert E. et al.). It is comparatively small compared to the wave length and is able to capture energy from a wave face greater than the physical dimension of the absorber (James, 2007).The dexterity of a terminator or attenuator device is linked to their trail axis being, according, parallel or orthogonal to the entry wave crest. The point absorber does not have a principal wave direction and is able to capture energy from waves arriving from any direction. As a termination the station keeping for the terminator and attenuator has to allow the unit to weathervane into the paramount wave direction, but this is not necessary for the point absorber (Harris Robert E. et al.).3.3 TerminatorsA Terminator has its principal axis parallel to the incident wave crest and terminates the wave. These devices extend perpendicular to the direction of wave travel and capture or reflect the power of the wave. The reflected and transmitted waves determine the efficiency of the device (Harris Robert E. et al.). These devices are typically installed onshore or near shore however, floating versions have been designed for offshore applications. (U.S. Department of the Interior, May 2006). There are mainly two types in Terminator WEC.3.3.1 Oscillating Water Columns (OWC)The oscillating water column (OWC) is a form of terminator in which water enters through a subsurface opening into a sleeping room with air trapped in a higher plac e it. The wave action causes the captured water column to move up and win like a piston to force the air through an opening connected to a turbine (U.S. Department of the Interior May 2006). The device consists essentially of a floating or (more usually) bottom-fixed structure, whose upper part forms an air house and whose immersed part is open to the action of the sea. The reciprocating extend of air displaced by the at heart free surface motion drives an air turbine mounted on the top of the structure.3.3.1.1 Efficiency of Oscillating Water Column (OWC)The efficiency of oscillating water column (OWC) wave energy devices are particularly affected by persist oscillations basically for two reasons.(1) Because of intrinsically unsteady (reciprocating) flow of air displaced by the oscillating water free surface.(2) Because of increasing the air flow rate, above a restore depending on, and approximately proportional to, the rotational speed of the turbine, is know to give rise to a rapid drop in the aerodynamic efficiency and in the power output of the turbine.A method which has been proposed to part circumvent this problem consists in controlling the pitch of the turbine rotor blades in order to prevent the instantaneous angle of incidence of the relative flow from prodigious the critical value above which severe stalling occurs at the rotor blades (see Gato and Falcao, 1991). Although considered technically feasible (Salter, 1993) this has never been implemented at full scale owing to mechanical difficulties. Alternately, the flow rate through the turbine can be prevented from becoming excessive by equipping the device with air valves.Two different schemes can be envisaged, in the archetypical one, the valves are mounted between the sleeping room and the atmosphere in parallel with the turbine (by-pass or relief valves, on or near the roof of the air chamber structure) and are made to open (by active or passive control) in order to prevent the overpres sure (or the under pressure) in the chamber to exceed a limit which is defined by the aerodynamic characteristics of the turbine at its instantaneous speed.In the second scheme a valve is mounted in serial publication with the turbine in the duct connecting the chamber and the atmosphere. Excessive flow rate is prevented by part closing the valve. In both schemes, the air flow through the turbine is controlled at the expense of energy diarrhea at the valves. Theoretically the two methods, if properly implemented, are equivalent from the point of view of limiting the flow rate through the turbine. even, the resulting pressure changes in the chamber are different (reduction and increase in pressure oscillations in the first and second cases, respectively). Consequently the hydrodynamic process of energy extraction from the waves is differently limited by valve physical process in the two control methods.The main purpose of this work is to analyse theoretically the performance of an OWC wave energy device when valves are used to limit the flow through the turbine. Both schemes are considered and compared a valve (or a set of valves) mounted in parallel with the turbine (by-pass or relief valve) or a valve mounted in the turbine duct. The hydrodynamic analysis is done in the time domain for regular as fountainhead as for irregular waves. The spring-like effect due to the compressibility of the air is taken into account and is discussed in some detail. Rea comeic characteristics are assumed for the turbine. Numerical results are presented for simple two-dimensional chamber geometry for whose hydrodynamic coefficients analytical expressions are known as functions of wave frequency.3.3.2 Overtopping Devices (OTD)Overtopping devices have reservoirs that are filled by impinging waves to levels above the average surrounding ocean. The released reservoir water is used to drive hydro turbines or other conversion devices. Overtopping devices have been designed and teste d for both onshore and floating offshore applications. It gathers the energy by waves overtopping into a raised reservoir, and extracting this by draining the water through low head turbines. OTD consists of three main elementsTwo wave reflectors. Attached to the central computer program these act to focus the incoming waves.The main platform. This is a floating reservoir with a doubly curved wild leek set about the incoming waves. The waves overtop the ramp which has a inconsistent crest freeboard 1 to 4 m and underneath the platform open chambers operate as an air cushion maintaining the level of the reservoir.Hydro turbines. A set of low head turbines converts the hydraulic head in the reservoir (Tedd James et al., 2005)3.3.2.1 Overtopping theoryThe theory for good example overtopping devices varies greatly from the traditional analogue systems approach used by most other WECs. A linear systems approach may be used with overtopping devices. This considers the water oscillati ng up and down the ramp as the excited body, and the crest of the ramp as a highly non-linear power take off system. However due to the non-linearities it is excessively computationally demanding to model usefully. Therefore a more physical approach is taken.Figure 4 shows the schematic of flows for the Wave Dragon. Depending on the current wave state (HS, Tp) and the crest freeboard Rc(height of the ramp crest above mean water level, MWL) of the device, water will overtop into the reservoir Qovertopping. The power gathered by the reservoir is a harvest-time of this overtopping flow, the crest freeboard and gravity. If the reservoir is over filled when a large volume is deposited in the basin there will be loss from it Qspill. To minimize this, the reservoir level h must be kept below its maximum level hR. The useful hydraulic power converted by the turbines is the product of turbine flow Qturbine, the head across them, water density and gravity (Tedd James et al., 2005).In coasta l engineering the average flow Q is converted into non dimensional form by dividing by the breadth of the device b, gravity g and the significant wave height HSIn the case of the floating OTD it has been seen that there is a dependency on the wave period. The dominant physical explanation for this is the effect of energy passing beneath the draft of the structure.Figure 6 Layout of OTD3.3.2.2 Wave Reflector Wings bingle of the most distinctive aspects of the Overtopping WEC is the long slender wings mounted to the front corners of the reservoir platform. These are designed to reflect the moving waves towards the ramp. A wider section of wave is available to be exploited with only a moderate increase in capital cost. The overtopping volume in a wave is very drug-addicted on the wave height therefore by providing only a moderate increase in height, such(prenominal) more energy can overtop the ramp.In order to choose the correct lengths, angles, and position of these wings extensive computer modelling is used. Secondary bonuses of the presence of the wave reflector wings include better weather-vaning performance to face the waves, lower peak mooring forces, and improved horizontal stability of the main platform. As the aft and rear mooring appendix points are separated further, the yaw of the platform is more stable.Therefore the device will not turn away from the predominant wave direction, and will also realign itself faster as when the wave direction changes (Tedd James et al., 2005). Lastly the reflectors wings act as stabilisers to the device. As they float under their own delicacy they counteract any list of the platform. This is important as the more horizontal the platform is kept the less water is spilt and so the more efficient the device operation.3.3.2.3 Low Head Turbines and Power TrainTurbine operating conditions in a WEC are instead different from the ones in a median(prenominal) hydro power plant. In the OTD, the turbine head range is typic ally between 1.0 and 4.0 m, which is on the lower bounds of live water turbine experience. While there are only slow and relatively small variations of flow and head in a river hydro power plant, the strong stochastic variations of the wave overtopping call for a radically different mode of operation in the OTD. The head, being a function of the significant wave height, is varying in a range as large as 14, and the sack has to be regulated indoors time intervals as short as ten seconds in order to achieve a good efficiency of the energy exploitation (Tedd James et al., 2005).On an unmanned offshore device, the environmental conditions are much rougher, and routine charge work is much more difficult to perform. finical criteria for the choice and construction of water turbines for the WEC have to be followed it is advisable to aim for constructional simplicity rather than maximum peak efficiency. Figure 6 shows the application ranges of the known turbine types in a graph of head H vs. rotational speed nq.The specific speed nq is a turbine parameter characterizing the relative speed of a turbine, therefore giving an indication of the turbines power density. Evidently, all turbine types except the Pelton and the cross flow type are to be found in a relatively take band running diagonally across the graph. Transgressing the left or lower border means that the turbine will run too slowly, hence being unnecessarily large and expensive. The right or upper border is defined by technological limits, namely material strength and the risk of infection of cavitations erosion. The Pelton and the cross-flow turbine do not quite follow these rules, as they have a runner which is running in air and is only partially loaded with a free jet of water. Thus, they have a lower specific speed and lower power density. Despite its simplicity and robustness, the cross flow turbine is not very suitable for OTD applications (Tedd James et al., 2005).Figure 7 Head range of the c ommon turbine types, Voith and Ossberger3.3.2.4 Performance in StormsSurvivability is essential, and Overtopping devices are naturally adapted to perform well in storm situations, where the wave will pass over and under the device with no potential end-stop problems.3.3.2.5 Wave PredictionPerformance of almost all wave energy converters can be improved with prediction of the incoming waves. The cost to implement would be low as the control hardware is typically in place, only the measuring system and improved control techniques need to be developed. To explain the concept behind the device a simple example can be used. If a measurement of some wavelengths ahead of the wave energy converter shows large waves passing, then at a given time later(prenominal) this energy will be incident on the device.The control of the device can then be altered quickly to extract this larger energy, e.g. by increasing hydraulic bulwark to an oscillators motion allowing more energy to be captured with in the stroke length, or by draining the reservoir of an overtopping device to allow for a large overtopping volume(Tedd James et al., 2005).The challenges are threefold to implement a system for measuring the waves approaching the ramp, to accurately transform this into usable infix for the control systems, and to construct new control strategies to make the best use of this. The standard approach for performing such deterministic sea-state prediction involves discrete frequency domain techniques. This is computationally intensive, as the two Fourier transforms must be made to convert from the time domain to the frequency domain and return to the time domain.3.4 Energy Capture and Practical LimitsThe power captured from waves by the primary mechanical conversion (before secondary conversion to electrical power) can be related to the energy in the incoming waves over a certain width. Theoretical values have been established in some cases. For a heaving axi-symmetric body the maximu m capture width is the inverse of the wave number. The capture width is often compared to the front width of the device.This width ratio can be larger than one for a point absorber with small dimensions compared to the wavelength. treacly effects reduce efficiency. For an OWC, Wang et al. (2002) found that the capture width ratio may reach a value of 3 and above at an optimum wave period. For Pelamis, Retlzler et al. (2001) found a capture width up to 2 in regular waves and around one in random seas (Specialist Committee V.4, 2006).A constant or a semi discrete array of wave energy converters acting as an absorbing wall perpendicular to the wave direction is called a terminator and its capture width equals the width of the device and is not related to the length of the incident waves.As the wave conditions are stochastic, the tuning parameters of the energy converters are compromises between the optimum values at various sea conditions. The capture width must be established for ea ch sea state. Fixed devices are subject to sea level variation according to tidal effects. This is critical for fixed oscillating water columns and fixed overtopping systems whose performances are dependent on the mean sea level. The intake of an OWC must be located at an optimised design level from the mean free surface.The height of an overtopping system is also optimised for sea states occurring at a given mean sea level. Therefore, sites with minimal tide are preferred. From this point of view floating devices are more suitable. The immersion of a floating device can also be tuned with respect to the actual sea state. For instance the Wave Dragon overtopping device is partially floating on air chambers and its draught can be modified (Specialist Committee V.4, 2006).The performance of the overtopping device is sensitive to the distribution of the overtopping rate. The more variable the overtopping flow into the reservoir, the larger the energy of the reservoir and turbines must be to achieve the same performance.4.0 Mooring RequirementsThe two major requirements for a WEC mooring are to defy the environmental and other fill ups manifold in keeping the device on station, and to be sufficiently cost effective so that the overall economics of the device remain viable. The following list shows the requirements that need to be considered for WEC moorings systems (Harris Robert E. et al.)The primary purpose of the mooring system is to maintain the floating structure on station within specified tolerances under normal operating load and extreme storm load conditions.The excursion of the device must not permit tension tons in the electrical transmission cable(s) and should allow for suitable specified clearance distances between devices in multiple generalisations.The mooring system must be sufficiently compliant to the environmental loading to reduce the forces acting on anchors, mooring lines and the device itself to a minimum unless the stiffness of the mooring itself is an active element in the wave energy conversion principle used.All components must have adequate strength, fatigue life and durability for the operational lifetime, and nautical growth and eating away need to be considered.A degree of redundancy is highly desirable for individual devices, and essential for schemes which link several devices together.The system as a entirely should be capable of haunting for 30 years or more, with replacement of particular components at no less than 5 years.The mooring must be sufficient to accommodate the tidal range at the installation location.The mooring system should allow the removal of single devices without affecting the mooring of adjacent devices.remotion of mooring lines for inspection and maintenance must be possible.The mooring must be sufficiently stiff to allow berthing for inspection and maintenance purposes.Contact between mooring lines must be avoided.The mooring should not adversely affect the efficiency of th e device, and if it is part of an active control system it must also be designed dynamically as part of the overall WEC system.Revenues from WECs, in comparison to the offshore industry, are smaller and their economics more strongly linked to the location, installation costs and down time periods. The mooring system has an important impact on the economics and it is necessary to provide, at low installation cost, a undeviating system that has little downtime and long intervals between maintenance. The suitability of design approaches from the offshore industry for WECs are ranked in Appendix I (Harris Robert E. et al.).5.0 Environmental Considerations changeover of wave energy to electrical or other usable forms of energy is generally anticipated to have limited environmental impacts. However, as with any emerging technology, the nature and extent of environmental favors remain uncertain. The impacts that would potentially occur are also very site specific, depending on physical and ecological factors that vary considerably for potential ocean sites. As large-scale prototypes and commercial facilities are developed, these factors can be expected to be more precisely defined (U.S. Department of the Interior, May 2006).The following environmental considerations require monitoring (U.S. Department of the Interior, May 2006).Visual appearance and noiseare device-specific, with considerable variability in visible freeboard height and noise extension above and below the water surface. Devices with OWCs and overtopping devices typically have the highest freeboard and are most visible. Offshore devices would require navigation hazard warning devices such as lights, break signals, radar reflectors, and contrasting solar day marker painting.However, Coast Guard requirements only require that day markers be visible for 1 nautical mile (1.8 km), and thus offshore device markings would only be seen from shore on exceptionally clear days. The air being drawn in and ex pelled in OWC devices is likely to be the largest source of above-water noise. Some subaquatic noise would occur from devices with turbines, hydraulic pumps, and other moving parts. The frequency of the noise may also be a consideration in evaluating noise impacts. step-down in wave height from wave energy converterscould be a consideration in some settings however, the impact on wave characteristics would generally only be observed 1 to 2 km away from the WEC device in the direction of the wave travel. Thus there should not be a significant onshore impact if the devices were much more than this distance from the shore. None of the devices currently being developed would harvest a large portion of the wave energy, which would leave a relatively calm surface behind the devices.It is estimated that with current projections, a large wave energy facility with a maximum density of devices would cause the reduction in waves to be on the order of 10 to 15%, and this impact would rapidly dissipate within a few kilometers, but leave a slight lessening of waves in the overall vicinity. Little information is available on the impact on sediment transport or on biological communities from a reduction in wave height offshore. An isolated impact, such as reduced wave height for recreational surfers, could maybe result.Marine habitatcould be impacted positively or negatively depending on the nature of additional submerged surfaces, above-water platforms, and changes in the seafloor. synthetic above-water surfaces could provide habitat for seals and sea lions or nesting areas for birds. Underwater surfaces of WEC devices would provide substrates for various biological systems, which could be a positive or negative complement to existing natural habitats. With some WEC devices, it may be necessary to control the growth of marine organisms on some surfaces.Toxic releasesmay be of concern related to leaks or accidental spills of liquids used in systems with working hydraulic fluids. Any impacts could be minimized through the selection of nontoxic fluids and careful monitoring, with adequate spill chemical reaction plans and secondary containment design features. apply of biocides to control growth of marine organisms may also be a source of toxic releases.Conflict with other sea space users, such as commercial shipping and fishing and recreational boating, can occur without the careful selection of sites for WEC devices. The impact can potentially be positive for recreational and commercial fisheries if the devices provide for additional biological habitats.Installation and Decommissioning Disturbances from securing the devices to the ocean floor and installation of cables may have negative impacts on marine habitats. Potential decommissioning impacts are primarily related to disturbing marine habitats that have adapted to the presence of the wave energy structures.6.0 DiscussionsA vast number of parameters bewitch (and interact with) the net power p roduction from any WECOvertopping, determined byFree-board (adjustable in Wave Dragons)Actual wave heightPhysical dimension of the converter (ramps, reflectors etc.Outlet, determined by surface of reservoirTurbine designTurbine on/off strategyMooring system, free or restricted orientation toward wavesSize of the energy converterWave climateEnergy in wave front (kW/m)Distribution of wave heightsAvailabilityTheoretical availability Reliability, maintainability, serviceabTerminator Wave Energy DevicesTerminator Wave Energy Devices1.0 Executive SummaryThe offshore ocean wave energy resource, as a derivative form of solar energy, has considerable potential for making a significant contribution to the alternative usable energy supply.Wave power devices are generally categorized by the method used to capture the energy of the waves. They can also be categorized by location and power take-off system. The energy extraction methods or operating principles can be categorized into three main gr oups (1) Oscillating water Column (OWC) (2) Overtopping Devices (OTD) (3) Wave Activated Bodies (WAB) Locations are shoreline, near shore and offshore.This report discusses about Terminator wave energy devices which extend perpendicular to the direction of wave travel and capture or reflect the power of the wave. These devices are typically onshore or near shore however, floating versions have been designed for offshore applications.2.0 IntroductionTraditional sources of energy such as oil, gas, and coal are non-renewable. They also create pollution by releasing huge quantities of carbon dioxide and other pollutants into the atmosphere. In contrast, waves are a renewable source of energy that doesnt cause pollution. The energy from waves alone could supply the worlds electricity needs.The total power of waves breaking on the worlds coastlines is estimated at 2 to 3 million megawatts. In some locations, the wave energy density can average 65 megawatts per mile of coastline. The probl em is how to harness wave energy efficiently and with minimal environmental, social, and economic impacts.Ocean waves are caused by the wind as it blows across the open expanse of water, the gravitational pull from the sun and moon, and changes in atmospheric pressure, earthquakes etc. Waves created by the wind are the most common waves and the waves relevant for most wave energy technology. Wave energy conversion takes advantage of the ocean waves caused primarily by the interaction of winds with the ocean surface. Wave energy is an irregular oscillating low-frequency energy source. They are a powerful source of energy, but are difficult to harness and convert into electricity in large quantities. The energy needs to be converted to a 60 or 50 Hertz frequency before it can be added to the electric utility grid.Part of the solar energy received by our planet is converted to wind energy through the differential heating of the earth. In turn part of the wind energy is transferred to t he water surface, thereby forming waves.While the average solar energy depends on factors such as local climate and latitude, the amount of energy transferred to the waves and hence their resulting size depends on the wind speed, the duration of the winds and the duration over which it blows. The most energetic waves on earth happen to be between 30 degrees to 60 degrees latitude, in general the waves generated are stronger on the southern parts of the countries (John brook, ECOR).Wave power devices extract energy directly from the surface motion of ocean waves or from pressure fluctuations below the surface. Wave power varies considerably in different parts of the world, and wave energy cant be harnessed effectively everywhere. It has been estimated that if less than 0.1% of the renewable energy available within the oceans could be converted into electricity, it would satisfy the present world demand for energy more than five times over.A variety of technologies are available to ca pture the energy from waves. Wave technologies have been designed to be installed in near shore, offshore, and far offshore locations. Offshore systems are situated in deep water, typically of more than 40 meters (131 feet).Types of power take-off include hydraulic ram, elastomeric hose pump, pump-to-shore, hydroelectric turbine, air turbine and linear electrical generator. Some of these designs incorporate parabolic reflectors as a means of increasing the wave energy at the point of capture.3.0 Type of Wave Energy ConvertersOcean waves represent a form of renewable energy created by wind currents passing over open water. Many devices are being developed for exploiting wave energy. The energy extraction methods or operating principles can be categorized into three main groups (Harris Robert E. et al.)Oscillating Water Columns (OWC)Waves cause the water column to rise and fall, which alternately compresses and depressurize an air column. The energy is extracted from the resulting osc illating air flow by using a Wells turbineOvertopping Devices (OTD) Ocean waves are elevated into a reservoir above the sea level, which store the water. The energy is extracted by using the difference in water level between the reservoir and the sea by using low head turbinesWave Activated Bodies (WAB)Waves activate the oscillatory motions of body parts of a device relative to each other, or of one body part relative to a fixed reference. Primarily heave, pitch and roll motions can be identified as oscillating motions whereby the energy is extracted from the relative motion of the bodies or from the motion of one body relative to its fixed reference by using typically hydraulic systems to compress oil, which is then used to drive a generator.The wave activated bodies (WABs) can be further categorized in sub-groups describing the energy extraction by the principle motion of the floating body (heave, pitch and roll).A variety of technologies have been proposed to capture the energy f rom waves based on above extraction methods Some of the technologies that have been the target of recent developmental efforts and are appropriate for the offshore applications being considered are terminators, attenuators and point absorbers (U.S. Department of the Interior, May 2006).Figure 1 Schematic drawings of WEC devices for operating principles and principal locations(Harris Robert E. et al.)The many different types of wave energy converters (WECs) can be classified in to various ways depending on their horizontal size and orientation. If the size is very small compared to the typical wavelength the WEC is called a point absorber. In contrast if the size is comparable to or larger than the typical wavelength, the WEC is known as line absorber, this can also be referred to as terminator or attenuator. A WEC is called terminator or attenuator if it is aligned along or normal to the prevailing direction of the wave crest respectively (John brook, ECOR).The relationship between the three main classificationsPrincipal LocationOperating PrincipleDirectional CharacteristicThese classifications are shown in Figure 2, presenting the possible operating principles for the location and the directional characteristics. At the shoreline the only feasible operating principles are oscillating water columns and overtopping devices, which are terminators.Figure shows that at near shore and offshore, point absorber or attenuator devices can only be WABs, whilst for terminator devices all three categories of the operating principles are possible. OWCs and OTDs are static energy converters of the terminator kind. As a result their mooring has to be stiff, restraining modes of motions but allowing for adjustment towards a parallel wave approach and for tidal ranges. The station keeping requirements for the mooring of wave activated bodies can be either static or dynamic.Figure 2 Possible operating principles for the principal location and directional characteristic3.1 Atten uatorsAttenuators are long multi-segment floating structures oriented parallel to the direction of the wave travel. The differing heights of waves along the length of the device causes flexing where the segments connect, and this flexing is connected to hydraulic pumps or other converters (U.S. Department of the Interior, May 2006).3.2 Point AbsorbersPoint absorbers have a small horizontal dimension compared with the vertical dimension and utilize the rise and fall of the wave height at a single point for WEC (Harris Robert E. et al.). It is relatively small compared to the wave length and is able to capture energy from a wave front greater than the physical dimension of the absorber (James, 2007).The efficiency of a terminator or attenuator device is linked to their principal axis being, according, parallel or orthogonal to the incoming wave crest. The point absorber does not have a principal wave direction and is able to capture energy from waves arriving from any direction. As a consequence the station keeping for the terminator and attenuator has to allow the unit to weathervane into the predominant wave direction, but this is not necessary for the point absorber (Harris Robert E. et al.).3.3 TerminatorsA Terminator has its principal axis parallel to the incident wave crest and terminates the wave. These devices extend perpendicular to the direction of wave travel and capture or reflect the power of the wave. The reflected and transmitted waves determine the efficiency of the device (Harris Robert E. et al.). These devices are typically installed onshore or near shore however, floating versions have been designed for offshore applications. (U.S. Department of the Interior, May 2006). There are mainly two types in Terminator WEC.3.3.1 Oscillating Water Columns (OWC)The oscillating water column (OWC) is a form of terminator in which water enters through a subsurface opening into a chamber with air trapped above it. The wave action causes the captured water c olumn to move up and down like a piston to force the air through an opening connected to a turbine (U.S. Department of the Interior May 2006). The device consists essentially of a floating or (more usually) bottom-fixed structure, whose upper part forms an air chamber and whose immersed part is open to the action of the sea. The reciprocating flow of air displaced by the inside free surface motion drives an air turbine mounted on the top of the structure.3.3.1.1 Efficiency of Oscillating Water Column (OWC)The efficiency of oscillating water column (OWC) wave energy devices are particularly affected by flow oscillations basically for two reasons.(1) Because of intrinsically unsteady (reciprocating) flow of air displaced by the oscillating water free surface.(2) Because of increasing the air flow rate, above a limit depending on, and approximately proportional to, the rotational speed of the turbine, is known to give rise to a rapid drop in the aerodynamic efficiency and in the power output of the turbine.A method which has been proposed to partially circumvent this problem consists in controlling the pitch of the turbine rotor blades in order to prevent the instantaneous angle of incidence of the relative flow from exceeding the critical value above which severe stalling occurs at the rotor blades (see Gato and Falcao, 1991). Although considered technically feasible (Salter, 1993) this has never been implemented at full scale owing to mechanical difficulties. Alternately, the flow rate through the turbine can be prevented from becoming excessive by equipping the device with air valves.Two different schemes can be envisaged, in the first one, the valves are mounted between the chamber and the atmosphere in parallel with the turbine (by-pass or relief valves, on or near the roof of the air chamber structure) and are made to open (by active or passive control) in order to prevent the overpressure (or the under pressure) in the chamber to exceed a limit which is de fined by the aerodynamic characteristics of the turbine at its instantaneous speed.In the second scheme a valve is mounted in series with the turbine in the duct connecting the chamber and the atmosphere. Excessive flow rate is prevented by partially closing the valve. In both schemes, the air flow through the turbine is controlled at the expense of energy dissipation at the valves. Theoretically the two methods, if properly implemented, are equivalent from the point of view of limiting the flow rate through the turbine.However, the resulting pressure changes in the chamber are different (reduction and increase in pressure oscillations in the first and second cases, respectively). Consequently the hydrodynamic process of energy extraction from the waves is differently modified by valve operation in the two control methods.The main purpose of this work is to analyse theoretically the performance of an OWC wave energy device when valves are used to limit the flow through the turbine. Both schemes are considered and compared a valve (or a set of valves) mounted in parallel with the turbine (by-pass or relief valve) or a valve mounted in the turbine duct. The hydrodynamic analysis is done in the time domain for regular as well as for irregular waves. The spring-like effect due to the compressibility of the air is taken into account and is discussed in some detail. Realistic characteristics are assumed for the turbine. Numerical results are presented for simple two-dimensional chamber geometry for whose hydrodynamic coefficients analytical expressions are known as functions of wave frequency.3.3.2 Overtopping Devices (OTD)Overtopping devices have reservoirs that are filled by impinging waves to levels above the average surrounding ocean. The released reservoir water is used to drive hydro turbines or other conversion devices. Overtopping devices have been designed and tested for both onshore and floating offshore applications. It gathers the energy by waves overtop ping into a raised reservoir, and extracting this by draining the water through low head turbines. OTD consists of three main elementsTwo wave reflectors. Attached to the central platform these act to focus the incoming waves.The main platform. This is a floating reservoir with a doubly curved ramp facing the incoming waves. The waves overtop the ramp which has a variable crest freeboard 1 to 4 m and underneath the platform open chambers operate as an air cushion maintaining the level of the reservoir.Hydro turbines. A set of low head turbines converts the hydraulic head in the reservoir (Tedd James et al., 2005)3.3.2.1 Overtopping theoryThe theory for modeling overtopping devices varies greatly from the traditional linear systems approach used by most other WECs. A linear systems approach may be used with overtopping devices. This considers the water oscillating up and down the ramp as the excited body, and the crest of the ramp as a highly non-linear power take off system. However due to the non-linearities it is too computationally demanding to model usefully. Therefore a more physical approach is taken.Figure 4 shows the schematic of flows for the Wave Dragon. Depending on the current wave state (HS, Tp) and the crest freeboard Rc(height of the ramp crest above mean water level, MWL) of the device, water will overtop into the reservoir Qovertopping. The power gathered by the reservoir is a product of this overtopping flow, the crest freeboard and gravity. If the reservoir is over filled when a large volume is deposited in the basin there will be loss from it Qspill. To minimize this, the reservoir level h must be kept below its maximum level hR. The useful hydraulic power converted by the turbines is the product of turbine flow Qturbine, the head across them, water density and gravity (Tedd James et al., 2005).In coastal engineering the average flow Q is converted into non dimensional form by dividing by the breadth of the device b, gravity g and the signi ficant wave height HSIn the case of the floating OTD it has been seen that there is a dependency on the wave period. The dominant physical explanation for this is the effect of energy passing beneath the draft of the structure.Figure 6 Layout of OTD3.3.2.2 Wave Reflector WingsOne of the most distinctive aspects of the Overtopping WEC is the long slender wings mounted to the front corners of the reservoir platform. These are designed to reflect the oncoming waves towards the ramp. A wider section of wave is available to be exploited with only a moderate increase in capital cost. The overtopping volume in a wave is very dependent on the wave height therefore by providing only a moderate increase in height, much more energy can overtop the ramp.In order to choose the correct lengths, angles, and position of these wings extensive computer modelling is used. Secondary bonuses of the presence of the wave reflector wings include better weather-vaning performance to face the waves, lower pe ak mooring forces, and improved horizontal stability of the main platform. As the aft and rear mooring attachment points are separated further, the yaw of the platform is more stable.Therefore the device will not turn away from the predominant wave direction, and will also realign itself faster as when the wave direction changes (Tedd James et al., 2005). Lastly the reflectors wings act as stabilisers to the device. As they float under their own buoyancy they counteract any list of the platform. This is important as the more horizontal the platform is kept the less water is spilt and so the more efficient the device operation.3.3.2.3 Low Head Turbines and Power TrainTurbine operating conditions in a WEC are quite different from the ones in a normal hydro power plant. In the OTD, the turbine head range is typically between 1.0 and 4.0 m, which is on the lower bounds of existing water turbine experience. While there are only slow and relatively small variations of flow and head in a r iver hydro power plant, the strong stochastic variations of the wave overtopping call for a radically different mode of operation in the OTD. The head, being a function of the significant wave height, is varying in a range as large as 14, and the discharge has to be regulated within time intervals as short as ten seconds in order to achieve a good efficiency of the energy exploitation (Tedd James et al., 2005).On an unmanned offshore device, the environmental conditions are much rougher, and routine maintenance work is much more difficult to perform. Special criteria for the choice and construction of water turbines for the WEC have to be followed it is advisable to aim for constructional simplicity rather than maximum peak efficiency. Figure 6 shows the application ranges of the known turbine types in a graph of head H vs. rotational speed nq.The specific speed nq is a turbine parameter characterizing the relative speed of a turbine, thus giving an indication of the turbines power density. Evidently, all turbine types except the Pelton and the cross flow type are to be found in a relatively narrow band running diagonally across the graph. Transgressing the left or lower border means that the turbine will run too slowly, thus being unnecessarily large and expensive. The right or upper border is defined by technological limits, namely material strength and the danger of cavitations erosion. The Pelton and the cross-flow turbine do not quite follow these rules, as they have a runner which is running in air and is only partially loaded with a free jet of water. Thus, they have a lower specific speed and lower power density. Despite its simplicity and robustness, the cross flow turbine is not very suitable for OTD applications (Tedd James et al., 2005).Figure 7 Head range of the common turbine types, Voith and Ossberger3.3.2.4 Performance in StormsSurvivability is essential, and Overtopping devices are naturally adapted to perform well in storm situations, where t he wave will pass over and under the device with no potential end-stop problems.3.3.2.5 Wave PredictionPerformance of almost all wave energy converters can be improved with prediction of the incoming waves. The cost to implement would be low as the control hardware is typically in place, only the measuring system and improved control techniques need to be developed. To explain the concept behind the device a simple example can be used. If a measurement of some wavelengths ahead of the wave energy converter shows large waves passing, then at a given time later this energy will be incident on the device.The control of the device can then be altered quickly to extract this larger energy, e.g. by increasing hydraulic resistance to an oscillators motion allowing more energy to be captured within the stroke length, or by draining the reservoir of an overtopping device to allow for a large overtopping volume(Tedd James et al., 2005).The challenges are threefold to implement a system for me asuring the waves approaching the ramp, to accurately transform this into usable input for the control systems, and to construct new control strategies to make the best use of this. The standard approach for performing such deterministic sea-state prediction involves discrete frequency domain techniques. This is computationally intensive, as the two Fourier transforms must be made to convert from the time domain to the frequency domain and return to the time domain.3.4 Energy Capture and Practical LimitsThe power captured from waves by the primary mechanical conversion (before secondary conversion to electrical power) can be related to the energy in the incoming waves over a certain width. Theoretical values have been established in some cases. For a heaving axi-symmetric body the maximum capture width is the inverse of the wave number. The capture width is often compared to the front width of the device.This width ratio can be larger than one for a point absorber with small dimensi ons compared to the wavelength. Viscous effects reduce efficiency. For an OWC, Wang et al. (2002) found that the capture width ratio may reach a value of 3 and above at an optimum wave period. For Pelamis, Retlzler et al. (2001) found a capture width up to 2 in regular waves and around one in random seas (Specialist Committee V.4, 2006).A continuous or a semi discrete array of wave energy converters acting as an absorbing wall perpendicular to the wave direction is called a terminator and its capture width equals the width of the device and is not related to the length of the incident waves.As the wave conditions are stochastic, the tuning parameters of the energy converters are compromises between the optimum values at various sea conditions. The capture width must be established for each sea state. Fixed devices are subject to sea level variation according to tidal effects. This is critical for fixed oscillating water columns and fixed overtopping systems whose performances are de pendent on the mean sea level. The intake of an OWC must be located at an optimised design level from the mean free surface.The height of an overtopping system is also optimised for sea states occurring at a given mean sea level. Therefore, sites with minimal tide are preferred. From this point of view floating devices are more suitable. The immersion of a floating device can also be tuned with respect to the actual sea state. For instance the Wave Dragon overtopping device is partially floating on air chambers and its draught can be modified (Specialist Committee V.4, 2006).The performance of the overtopping device is sensitive to the distribution of the overtopping rate. The more variable the overtopping flow into the reservoir, the larger the capacity of the reservoir and turbines must be to achieve the same performance.4.0 Mooring RequirementsThe two major requirements for a WEC mooring are to withstand the environmental and other loadings involved in keeping the device on stati on, and to be sufficiently cost effective so that the overall economics of the device remain viable. The following list shows the requirements that need to be considered for WEC moorings systems (Harris Robert E. et al.)The primary purpose of the mooring system is to maintain the floating structure on station within specified tolerances under normal operating load and extreme storm load conditions.The excursion of the device must not permit tension loads in the electrical transmission cable(s) and should allow for suitable specified clearance distances between devices in multiple installations.The mooring system must be sufficiently compliant to the environmental loading to reduce the forces acting on anchors, mooring lines and the device itself to a minimum unless the stiffness of the mooring itself is an active element in the wave energy conversion principle used.All components must have adequate strength, fatigue life and durability for the operational lifetime, and marine growth and corrosion need to be considered.A degree of redundancy is highly desirable for individual devices, and essential for schemes which link several devices together.The system as a whole should be capable of lasting for 30 years or more, with replacement of particular components at no less than 5 years.The mooring must be sufficient to accommodate the tidal range at the installation location.The mooring system should allow the removal of single devices without affecting the mooring of adjacent devices.Removal of mooring lines for inspection and maintenance must be possible.The mooring must be sufficiently stiff to allow berthing for inspection and maintenance purposes.Contact between mooring lines must be avoided.The mooring should not adversely affect the efficiency of the device, and if it is part of an active control system it must also be designed dynamically as part of the overall WEC system.Revenues from WECs, in comparison to the offshore industry, are smaller and their econ omics more strongly linked to the location, installation costs and down time periods. The mooring system has an important impact on the economics and it is necessary to provide, at low installation cost, a reliable system that has little downtime and long intervals between maintenance. The suitability of design approaches from the offshore industry for WECs are ranked in Appendix I (Harris Robert E. et al.).5.0 Environmental ConsiderationsConversion of wave energy to electrical or other usable forms of energy is generally anticipated to have limited environmental impacts. However, as with any emerging technology, the nature and extent of environmental considerations remain uncertain. The impacts that would potentially occur are also very site specific, depending on physical and ecological factors that vary considerably for potential ocean sites. As large-scale prototypes and commercial facilities are developed, these factors can be expected to be more precisely defined (U.S. Departm ent of the Interior, May 2006).The following environmental considerations require monitoring (U.S. Department of the Interior, May 2006).Visual appearance and noiseare device-specific, with considerable variability in visible freeboard height and noise generation above and below the water surface. Devices with OWCs and overtopping devices typically have the highest freeboard and are most visible. Offshore devices would require navigation hazard warning devices such as lights, sound signals, radar reflectors, and contrasting day marker painting.However, Coast Guard requirements only require that day markers be visible for 1 nautical mile (1.8 km), and thus offshore device markings would only be seen from shore on exceptionally clear days. The air being drawn in and expelled in OWC devices is likely to be the largest source of above-water noise. Some underwater noise would occur from devices with turbines, hydraulic pumps, and other moving parts. The frequency of the noise may also be a consideration in evaluating noise impacts.Reduction in wave height from wave energy converterscould be a consideration in some settings however, the impact on wave characteristics would generally only be observed 1 to 2 km away from the WEC device in the direction of the wave travel. Thus there should not be a significant onshore impact if the devices were much more than this distance from the shore. None of the devices currently being developed would harvest a large portion of the wave energy, which would leave a relatively calm surface behind the devices.It is estimated that with current projections, a large wave energy facility with a maximum density of devices would cause the reduction in waves to be on the order of 10 to 15%, and this impact would rapidly dissipate within a few kilometers, but leave a slight lessening of waves in the overall vicinity. Little information is available on the impact on sediment transport or on biological communities from a reduction in wave hei ght offshore. An isolated impact, such as reduced wave height for recreational surfers, could possibly result.Marine habitatcould be impacted positively or negatively depending on the nature of additional submerged surfaces, above-water platforms, and changes in the seafloor. Artificial above-water surfaces could provide habitat for seals and sea lions or nesting areas for birds. Underwater surfaces of WEC devices would provide substrates for various biological systems, which could be a positive or negative complement to existing natural habitats. With some WEC devices, it may be necessary to control the growth of marine organisms on some surfaces.Toxic releasesmay be of concern related to leaks or accidental spills of liquids used in systems with working hydraulic fluids. Any impacts could be minimized through the selection of nontoxic fluids and careful monitoring, with adequate spill response plans and secondary containment design features. Use of biocides to control growth of ma rine organisms may also be a source of toxic releases.Conflict with other sea space users, such as commercial shipping and fishing and recreational boating, can occur without the careful selection of sites for WEC devices. The impact can potentially be positive for recreational and commercial fisheries if the devices provide for additional biological habitats.Installation and Decommissioning Disturbances from securing the devices to the ocean floor and installation of cables may have negative impacts on marine habitats. Potential decommissioning impacts are primarily related to disturbing marine habitats that have adapted to the presence of the wave energy structures.6.0 DiscussionsA vast number of parameters influence (and interact with) the net power production from any WECOvertopping, determined byFree-board (adjustable in Wave Dragons)Actual wave heightPhysical dimension of the converter (ramps, reflectors etc.Outlet, determined bySize of reservoirTurbine designTurbine on/off st rategyMooring system, free or restricted orientation toward wavesSize of the energy converterWave climateEnergy in wave front (kW/m)Distribution of wave heightsAvailabilityTheoretical availability Reliability, maintainability, serviceab

Case Study: Britannia Industries

Case Study Britannia IndustriesIn 2007, Britannia, one of the Indias largest biscuit greases held a market share of 38% in terms of value. Indian biscuit diligence, the third largest producer of the biscuits in the world was highly under-penetrated. This presented numerous growth opportunities to new as well as quick players. Apart from the presence of big players want ITC Foods and Parle, the local manufacturers of biscuits and other Indian snacks had been raising concerns for Britannia. Besides competition, Britannia faced critical challenges due to declining margins in the biscuit industry due to the increasing costs of raw materials. Its profit had been on a decline since 2005. Though Britannia had forayed into dairy farm and bakery intersections, 90% of its revenues still came from its core stemma in biscuits category which was largely driven by product innovation. (www.ibscds.com)A Britannia industry limited is successful Indian company since 1892, started in India with i nitial investiture of Rs.295. this company is very well kn induce for its biscuits (Britannia Tiger). Britannia is one of the largest biscuits selling company and leading biscuit firm of India with estimated 38% market share. (www.britannia.co.in)In 1997, Britannia jumped into dairy product market with its two new products (Processed Cheese Dairy Whitener), In 2002, Britannias New Business Division namely Britannia Milkman formed a joint venture with Fonterra, the worlds endorsement largest Dairy Company, and Britannia New Zealand Foods Pvt. Ltd. was born. (www.wadiagroup.com)The company is a growing and profitable one. Between 1998 and 2001, the companys sales grew at a compound annual rate of 16 per penny against the market, and operating profits reached 18 per cent. More recently, the company has been growing at 27 per cent a year, compared to the industrys growth rate of 20 per cent. At present, 90 per cent of Britannias annual revenue of Rs2,200 crore comes from biscuits. (w ww.wikipidia.com) and Dairy Product gives almost 10% revenue to Britannia.N.P.I. approachBritannia Dairy Products targets specially in urban areas of the country. It is less touristy in rural areas and rarely available. They believe to sell quality products thats why they have slogan Eat Healthy, Think Better because the one common flagellum emerged in recent dates has been shift in lifestyles and a corresponding awareness of health. People are increasingly becoming conscious of dietary care. They targeted in urban area because their products are little bit expensive than their competitive products but with good quality and wide range of products, with their products more of the upper sum class families targeted, especially those are food loving and want healthy, so they give healthy, nutritious, optimistic and combining it with a delightful product range to purpose verity and choice to consumers.The above products present the approach that has been adopted in order to introduc e and manufacture the different verity. Britannia generates $722.55 million revenue this year (2009-10).Britannia dairy firm was de-licensed in 1991 with given a reasons to encourage private investment and flow of capital and new technology in the segment. MMPO (Milk and Milk Products Order) regulates take out and draw products production in country. this was like there was no permission to handle more than 10,000 to 75,000 litres of liquid milk par day or solid milk up to 500 tonnes per annum this license was given by the state government but they were handling more than75,000 litres of liquid milk and 500 to 3750 tonnes of solid milk per year, so the firm had to registered with the central government. (www.aavinmilk.com)Britannia New Zealand Food Pvt Ltd was trying to pay attention on give up product to expand their market because at that time in India this was at its worst condition with 5% only. Where the joint venture company already cornered with 45% of 450 crore. In the ch eese market this was the quick growth they seen before, because last year this was growing with 5% but now this is growing with 12%.The market of cheese in India is estimated at almost 9000 tonnes and is cursorily increasing with 15% per year, because cheese is mainly used in cities or in metro cities. This shows that only in four main metro cities cheese consume more than 50% of consumption.They have got a very tough competition with their other business rivals amul, Dabon international, vijaya this was creating competition tougher day by day. But Britannia was having their own customers with pride. Britannia has faced this threat reasonably well over the past one year, without a visible impact on its financial writ of execution. The proposed foray by hold close India and Hindustan Lever into confectionery and dairy products.Business strategy (2007-08)Britannia strategy is simple to get more people to buy enjoy more of their brands anytime, anywhere everyday. Britannias perf ormance in 2007-08 was strong, with a sales growth 17.5 per cent, besides a 27.5 per cent growth in the previous year, adding Rs 800 crore of incremental revenue during this period (total revenue for 2007-08 was Rs 2,617 crore). Britannia is among the meteoric growing FMCG companies in the last two years. Its net profit increased by 77.5 per cent and operating margin by 307 basis points to 7.5 per cent in 2007-08, despite inflation in key commodities by 20-25 per cent in the last two years. In a survey conducted by AC Nielsen ORG-Marg, consumers voted brand Britannia among the Top 10 most trusted brands across categories for the fifth successive year. It was also rated as the second most trusted food brand in 2008 and first in 2007. It was rated as the seventh most trusted brand across all categories in 2008.Consistent with its credo of swasth khao, tan man jagao, Britannia created a partnership with Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition (GAIN) and the Naandi Foundation to supply iron fortified Tiger biscuits to supplement the mid-day meal programme in schools. This has been recognised as a unique programme globally by GAIN. The World Bank Institute has written a case study and Britannia was invited to make a commitment to the Clinton Global Initiative, a non-partisan catalyst for action that brings together a community of global leaders to devise and implement solutions for some of the worlds pressing challenges like nutrition. (www.alibaba.com)

Nanotechnology In Architecture

Nanotechnology In ArchitectureHistorically and geographically human clear lived in extremely wide-ranging technology or environment and have had to conform to comfort habitats and thus the architects have had to manage the ideal of design as well as consist the exploitationary technology.A technology has evolved to a level where it is just too complex. Sometimes satisfying the need of the user and sometimes becoming too redoubted when the negative consequences ar not taken care of.For example, the issues of the Large scales in architecture is one such matter which has been partially solved with the help of woeful cost materials, energy savingetc. The scientists have developed and are continuing to develop nanotechnology to help architects incorporate more artificial intelligence in construction.Nanotechnology is a combination of mixed fields of science analogous, Bio- technology, Chemistry, Physics, Bio-informatics, etc. thither are three chief divisions in Nanotech Nanoele ctronics, Nanomaterials, and Nano-Biotechnology. Worldwide, there is much enthusiasm rough nanotechnology as it has application in medicine, electronics, biomaterials, energy etc. It is observed that US, Japan, and Germany dominate the current RD effort in nanotechnology with a focus on they own expertness and needs (Hyd and spook, 2012).The use and control of the technology at an atomic or section scale known as nanotechnology has started to have its regard like neer before in materials of constructions and has immense futurist reach in architecture, this application of the nanotechnology and nanomaterials in architecture is NanoArchitecture.The nano world in technology is a real challenge for todays designers, it started with an apprehending and control of the technology and materials on one billionth (10-9) scale. The understanding of these materials, its use in architecture to be profitable for users and its implication on the grammatical construction (Construction) are some of the key aspect for inquiry in this dissertation. With the perfect solution of this dilemma, the Architects would not only when know how big their task is but how it faculty lead to new ways of thinking architecture.After understanding the meaning and origin of this technology, we will athletic field veritable aspects that is a must in todays constructions and then we see the direction where this science is acquittance, we will as well look at the ways to incorporate these technologies in our architecture, therefore the question that will guide our inquiry is how does nano (technology, materials, science, concept, form and component part) become serious to the level of influencing architects (designers).Nanotechnology is developed in the manner that it is active or supine, this repartition will lead us to a larger-than-life study but our focus will rely on the relation passive active nanostructure and application of nanotechnology in a building design and constr uction.Passive nanotechnologies, such as nanocoatings, nanoparticles, and nanostructured materials, are already available. Second times active nanostructures, for example, nanoelectro- machinelike systems, nanomachines, self-healing materials, and targeted chemicals, mint evolve their properties, structure and/or state during their operation. This could increase nanotechnologys impacts and require new approaches for run a jeopardize assessment.Active nanostructures are likely to have a several(predicate) and increased profile of impacts (including benefits as well as potential risks) compared with passive nanotechnologies.RESEARCH suspicion How does nano (technology, materials, science, concept, form and function) becomes important to the level of influencing architects (designers). NEED IDENTIFICATIONOver the years the materials use in buildings (during construction, inside or outside finishes) has been of a large scale, the evolution today have brought into existence the mat erials on a microscopic scale with even more value to life and building.They cannister be metals, ceramics, polymers or composites. cognize as nanomaterials, nanocomposites, and manufactured nanomaterials (MNMs), the method of making these materials begins at the molecular or atomic level, sometimes creating new products with extraordinary physical and chemical properties. For example, a hundred nanotube has strength of 150 times that of steel but is approximately six times lighter. Besides strength enhancement, properties can include self-cleaning, super hardness, galvanising conductivity, antimicrobial superior thermal resistance and st readiness, non-flammability, lightweight, anti-corrosion, superior barrier, light emitting and low permeability, among others. Applications in the building industry include use as fire retardants, gritty performance insulation, protective coatings, equipment lubricants, structural integrity enhancement and monitoring, photovoltaic, stronger b endable cables, and self-cleaning or heat absorbing windows ( CFN, 2011 ) Using these materials which contain extraordinary application in the building can also bring amazing influences to the architect, designer or the design. Therefore apart from attempting to understand the transformation that the nanotechnology brings to our building there is a need to understand by students the uses of nanotechnology for creating better design.SCOPE A general understanding of nano especially toward architecture Nanotechnology (materials) applications in buildings Concept form and function derived from nanoLIMITATION The laboratories details of certain materials and nano applications in medical branches will not be part of our research. This research dissertation will have some limitation in details like calculations, manufactures process, chemical components. Thinking in more detail about how to use nanomaterials in a design context, a first consideration is simply to outline what is universe design?. But there is a lack of built case studies, so we will rely on existing, futurist, basic concept and breeding materials. Regarding the size of this matter nanotechnology, we will limit at the level where nanotech is active and very briefly talk about the passive NanotechnologyRESEARCH METHODOLOGYN A N O A R C H I T E C T U R EPART O. COLLECT RELEVANT DATAThis methodology starts with a basic understanding (through various sources) of nano technology specially its applications in the materials and its relation with form and function in architecture.A. Research BooksB. Online discussions ancient and actual debates.C. Study previous paper or dissertations and case studies through with(p) on this matter.D. Literature survey Consist time lag together all info found and relative to the topic and relevant to the research question.PART I. INTRODUCTION, NEED IDENTIFICATION, SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE RESEARCHPART II. NANOTECHNOLOGY What is nanotechnology Nanoproducts Categories ( Passive and Active) why this fuss Nanotechnology risk Sectors applicationNANOTECHNOLOGIES APPLICATIONS IN ARCHITECTURE = NANOARCHITECUTEPART III. APPLICATION-FORM AND FUNCTION with its ImpactAir-purifyingAnti-foggingSolar vindicationFire-proofAnti-graffitiScratchproof and abrasion-resistantAnti-fingerprints Self-cleaningEasy-to-clean (ETC)Thermal insulationTemperature regulationUV protectionAnti-reflectiveN. Antibacterial possibility studies and examples designateing how does certain of these proprieties can be include and what promise does it bring to buildings New architectural readying. New creativities in form and functions.C O N C L U S I O NCASE STUDY METHODOLOGIESPrimary Case studyBy consulting an expert in the energy consumption field and materials that relate to it. The reading of the applications in nanotechnology in todays constructions is more related to Green designers, this part of the design has an impact in the ecology and climate control therefore the green rated buildings has in fact a considerable amount of nanotechnology use in it. This leads us to impact to architects involved in green concepts or sustainability from LEED etc ( Ar Alex Nyembo Kalenga) and also we could make a visit studies on the actual certified Green building Rajiv Gandhi urja Bhavan at Vasan Kunj New Delhi Still in Construction.A list of questions has guided our study and survey interview in which the answers are include to our conclusion of this research1. A personal understanding of Nanotechnology or Nanoarchitecture.2. If any specific material at a nano scale is used to improve certain aspects in the building, such as Insulation reduction Lighting Energy storage Air purification Water management3. How do you think buildings designed exclusively on scientific principles of Nanotechnology will affect their occupants?4. Does Nanotechnology have an impact on todays practicing architects If yes at what scale does it influence them? Any example? If not Why so?Secondar y Case studyThe conceptual level derived of the interpretation of nano differs from an architect to another.1. Two typology of this nano buildings as guided this part of the research5. Existing Nano Buildings ( Nano House Initiative, Australia )6. Futurist Nano Buildings ( Multi-storey Apartment building, 2001 )2. A list of materials (Function) originated from nanotechnology or concepts that have already been involved to some construction process, structurally or non structurally, environment effect has been touched on to clarify its impact to architecture.REFERENCES..Hyd and spook (2012, January), nanotechnology in india. Retrieved from http//www.indianofficer.com/forums/11771-nanotechnology-india.htmlixzz2Awlr7jNb heart for Functional Nanomaterials ( 2011). Nanomaterials for architecture and buildings. Brookhaven. Retrieved from http//www.solaripedia.com/13/360/nanomaterials_for_architecture__building.htmlNANOARCHITECTURE magnificence of nanotechnology in architectureN A N O T E C H N O L O G YII.1. Fundamental KnowledgeII.1.1. WHAT IS NANOTECHNOLOGY?A brick is the smallest building block in construction. whatsoever you do, the strength of the building is limited to the strength of the brick. The brick itself is made of minute particles of clay bonded together. One has limited control over how the particle of clay forms. Each particle of clay in turn is formed from molecules joined together in a particular pattern dictated by the forces of nature. What happens if it is possible to arrange these molecules in a pattern that provides greater strength? You get stronger clay and a stronger brick. This results in a much thinner, but stronger wall. This technology of arranging molecules the way we inadequacy is a basis of nanotechnology. (Johnzactruba, 2011)A strict definition of nanotechnology characterizes it as the manipulation of a matter at the scale of one-billionth of a meter or smaller. The measurement of one-billionth of a meter is identified as one nano meter (nm) (Jeffrey H. Matsuura,1957).Nano, is a word which does not only mean billionth little but also leaves a billionth of question in mind, because of the complexity to understand its simplicity. It is a world hold by the scientist, chemist and physicians.Yes nanotechnology is a relatively recent development in scientific research but not new. The level of its study and diversity has involved touching now many welkin of life and becoming more and more known by the public.The concept first was introduced by American physicist Richard P. Feynman (1918-1988). But it is noted that in the 10th centuries the sixteenth centuries the ruby-red color of many stained-glass windows from the medieval era was a consequence of embedded nanoscale metallic particles within the glass.There were no scientific understanding of these phenomena at the time, nor were there deliberate attempts to produce what we now know as nanomaterials. Early knowledge relied on craft-based trial and error to ach ieve effects we must trammel in mind, however, that not all interesting color phenomena are a result of embedded nanomaterials ( Michael F. Ashby, 2009).The evolution of nanotechnology has been more or slight in the knowledge domain of chemical, medicine and physics (technique) then it involved to the environment, energy, agriculture, communication and information because of some of its advantage and disadvantage in the society.The main tools used in nanotechnology are three main microscopes Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), Atomic Force Microscope (AFM), and Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM). (Jamie Jackson, CIS 121)II.1.2. NANO PRODUCTSUse as gateways to build other nano products, Nanosensors can be chemical sensors or mechanical sensors. Amongst other applications they can be used To monitor physical parameters such as temperature, displacement and flow As accelerometers in Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) devices that can rapidly and remotely detect change in th eir surroundings like airbag sensors For medical diagnostic purposes either as blood borne sensors or in lab-on-a-chip type devices To detect various chemicals in gases for pollution monitoring Sensors using carbon nanotube detection elements are capable of detecting a range of chemical vapors. These sensors work by reacting to the changes in the resistance of a carbon nanotube in the presence of a chemical vapor ( Hawks Perch Technical Writing, 2007).II.1.2.1. NanotubeKnown as well as Carbon Nanotube (CNTs), it is a tube-shaped material or cylindrical nanostructure made of carbon, having a diameter of nanometer scale. Nanotubes form a tiny portion of the material(s) in some baseball bats, golf clubs, or car parts.Carbon nanotubes are the strongest and stiffest materials yet discovered in terms of tensile strength and elastic modulus respectively. In 2000, a multi-walled carbon nanotube was tested to have a tensile strength of 63 gigapascals (grade point average). Since carbon nano tubes have a low density for a solid of 1.3 to 1.4 g/cm3, its specific strength of up to 48,000 kNmkg1 is the best of known materials, compared to high-carbon steels 154 kNmkg1.Standard single-walled carbon nanotubes can withstand a pressure up to 24GPa without deformation. The bulk modulus of super hard phase nanotubes is 462 to 546 GPa, even higher than that of diamond (420 GPa for single diamond crystal) and can produce materials with toughness unmatched in the man-made and natural worlds.Because of the carbon nanotubes superior mechanical properties, many structures have been proposed ranging from commonplace items like clothes and sports gear to combat jackets and space elevators. However, the space elevator will require further efforts in refining carbon nanotube technology, as the practical tensile strength of carbon nanotubes can still be greatly improved (Wikipedia, 2012).II.1.2.2. NanocompositesThe definition of nano-composite material has broadened significantly to encom pass a large variety of systems such as one-dimensional, two-dimensional, three-dimensional and amorphous materials, made of distinctly dissimilar components and mixed at the nanometer scale (Kanatzidis, 2006).New materials with novel proprieties are generate rapidly through this field. The properties of nano-composite materials depend not only on the properties of their individual parents but also on their morphology and interfacial characteristics.Although nanoscale reinforcements (or nanofillers) of nanocomposites have different kinds of fillers such as nanofibers, nanowires, nanotubes and nanoparticles etc, their mechanical behaviors have some common features. As the figure shows a potential use of nanocomposites as multifunctional materials (Journal Club, 2008).AREA OF APPLICATION such mechanical property emoluments have resulted in major interest in nanocomposite materials in numerous automotive and general/industrial applications. These include potential for employment as m irror housings on various vehicle types, door handles, engine covers and intake manifolds and timing belt covers. More general applications currently being considered include usage as impellers and blades for vacuum cleaners, power tool housings, mower hoods and covers for portable electronic equipment such as mobile phones, pagers etc (Professor J.N. Hay, 2001).The inorganic components can be three-dimensional framework systems such as zeolites, two-dimensional layered materials such as clays, metal oxides, metal phosphates, chalcogenides, and even one-dimensional and zero-dimensional materials such as (Mo3Se3-)n duress and clusters. Experimental work has generally shown that virtually all types and classes of nanocomposite materials lead to new and improved properties when compared to their macrocomposite counterparts.Therefore, nanocomposites which combine new nanomaterials with more traditional ones such as steel, concrete, glass, and plastics, can be many times stronger than s tandard materials and promise new applications in many fields such as mechanically reinforced lightweight components, non-linear optics, barrage cathodes and ionics, nano-wires, sensors and other systems. On the market there already a nanocomposite steel that is three times stronger than conventional steel. Before long, nano-reinforced glass might be used for both structure and enclosure. In the some student projects in the nanoSTUDIO at Ball State University, nanotube structural panels create transparent load-bearing curtain walls free of columns and beams, quantum dots make walls and ceilings light up or change color with the flip of a switch, and nanosensors in building components create smart environments that constantly adapt to their environment and users.II.1.3. TYPOLOGYM. C. Roco, one of the driving forces behind the NNI, has developed a more detailed typology of nanotechnologies. He identifies four generations of nanotechnologies passive nanostructures, active nanostructu res, systems of nanosystems and molecular nanosystems (J. Clarence, 2009)( Fig04 For generation of nanotechnology development, Center for Responsible Nanotechnology )Each generation of products is marked by the creation of commercial prototypes using systematic control of the respective phenomena and manufacturing processes. Products may also include components which hold in to different generations. Todays rudimentary capabilities of nanotechnology for systematic control and manufacture at the nanoscale are expected to evolve significantly in both complexity and the degree of integration by 2020.II.1.3.1 Passive to Active nanotechnologyIt has been suggested that an important transition in the long-run trajectory of nanotechnology development is a shift from passive to active nanostructures.Such a shift could present different or increased societal impacts and require new approaches for risk assessment. An active nanostructure changes or evolves its state during its operation, acco rding to the National learning Foundations (2006) Active Nanostructures and Nanosystems grant solicitation.Passive (steady function) nanostructuresBehaviour inert or reactive nanostructures which have stable deportment and quasi -constant properties during their use.Potential risk e.g. nanoparticles in cosmetics or food with large scale production and high exposure rates.Active (evolving function nanostructures)Behaviour the nanostructures properties are designed to change during operation so behaviour is variable and potentially unstable. Successive changes in state may occur (either intended or as an unforeseen reaction to the external environment).Potential risk e.g. nanobiodevices in the human body pesticides engineered to react to different conditions.Categories of active nanostructures are Remote actuated active nanostructures, such as light-actuated embedded sensors Environmentally responsive active nanostructures, such as responsive drug delivery Miniaturized active nanos tructures, such as synthetic molecular motors and molecular machines Hybrid active nanostructures, or uncommon combinations of materials, such as silicon-organic Transforming active nanostructures, such as self-healing materials. (M.C. Roco, 2004, 2007)Tour estimates the time it will take to commercialize each of these types as 0-5 years for passive nanotechnologies, 15-50 years or more for active nanotechnologies and 7-12 years for hybrids (J. Clarence, 2009)II.1.4. WHY ALL THE FUSS ABOUT NANOTECHNOLOGY?NANOTECHNOLOGY THE SCIENCE CHANGING YOUR LIFE Penny SarchetThe advantages of using nanomaterials in construction are enormous. When you consider that 41 percent of all energy use in the United States is consumed by commercial and residential buildings, the potential benefits of energy-saving materials simply are vast (Dr. Pedro Alvarez of rice University, 2010) and when we have to evaluate the energy used by buildings in the rest of the world the result will surly show that the us e of the nanomaterials in buildings will be of an anxiety necessity.Nanotechnology thus has profound potential because it can free us from some traditional limits and offer us useful new capabilities. Nanotechnology can change some of the physical rules that have traditionally confined us. It can also free us from some of the limitations that have long been placed upon us by size ( Jeffrey H, 1957).The key is to understand the specific risks and implications of the product before it is widely used. This way we can ensure that nanotechnology evolves as a tool for sustainability rather than as an environmental liability (Dr. Pedro Alvarez of Rice University, 2010).Benefices and profit with the nanotechnology is now in the hand of everyone and architects are with no doubt going to shape this realm to another level.e.g. Solera enables seamless integration of natural daylight into the design and function of buildings. Well daylighted spaces deliver substantial and measurable benefits to sustainability, energy readiness and human performance. This series of products provide architects with solutions to solve the challenges traditionally associated with daylighting techniques including solar heat gain, cost, complexity and glare.Other materials such as brick have already showed us the changes that it has done to the industries, life, designers, buildersIn the early days, paint was available in a limited variety of colors for you to take up. Now most of the paint shops have mixers that allow the users to choose the color they require. The manufacturers have to produce and assembly line only a few basic colors, reducing production and inventory costs at much greater satisfaction to the consumer. The future of nanotechnology will be the personal nano-factories, like the paint mixers, that allow you to produce any material that you require. The shops have to carry only stock in molecular form.Advances in nanotechnology are moving at an exponential rate. It will eventu ally encompass every field of human activity including energy. (Johnzactruba, 2011)Disadvantages of Nanotechnology pencil eraser hazards with nanomaterials, Some studies detected possible cancer-causing properties of carbon nanotubes, Some nanomaterials bounded with other materials or components (Jamie Jackson, CIS 121)II.1.5. RISK OF NANOTECHNOLOGYIt is obvious to find out that except from the greatness and staggering opportunities that nanotechnology offers, the risks are associated with it as well. And these risk touch-up on health, environment, IndustryBecause of the size of the particles, nanomaterials may enter human and other living bodies and disrupt body-functions. Some nanoparticles may also be non-biodegradable thereby posing a new threat to the environment. Therefore it is polar to examine and estimate the risk for regulating the production, use, consumption and disposal of these materials. (Hyd and spook, 2012).For example, Health effects of several insulating mater ials are a concern1. The fibers released from fiberglass insulation may be carcinogenic, and fiberglass insulation now requires cancer warning labels.2. There are also claims that the fire retardant chemicals or respirable particles in cellulose insulation may be hazardous (Dr. George, 2007).The risk most talked about is the ability of nanotech carbon tubes to potentially cause asbestosis-type illnesses, (Mike Childs, 2012)Manufactured nanomaterials (MNMs) and nanocomposites are being considered for various uses in the construction and related infrastructure industries. To achieve environmentally responsible nanotechnology in construction, it is important to consider the lifecycle impacts of MNMs on the health of construction workers and dwellers, as well as unintended environmental effects at all stages of manufacturing, construction, use, demolition, and disposal.Emphasis in industries In India, late industry participation has also begun in this area, and there is an emphasis on f ostering public-private partnerships (PPP). Nonetheless government support to this sector remains crucial for three reasons1. Nanotechnology is a capital-intensive technology and is in an embryonic phase, thus industry would not be able to sustain the research effort needed for the substantiation of scientific and technological infrastructure.2. The state is required to define the regulatory framework. In 2010-11 this process was initiated.3. The state ,particularly in the developing country context, can set the order of business and resist the tendency to uncritically follow international trends in research that do not address their developmental needs.REFERENCES..Dr. George, 2007. Insulation, nanotechnology for green building. Retrieved from http//esonn.fr/esonn2010/xlectures/mangematin/Nano_Green_Building55ex.pdf page 12Dr. Pedro Alvarez of Rice University (2010, January). Future Cities Nanotechnology promises more sustainable buildings, bridges, and others structures Retrieved from http//portal.acs.org/portal/acs/corg/ matter?_nfpb=true_pageLabel=PP_ARTICLEMAINnode_id=2103content_id=CNBP_025646use_sec=truesec_url_var=region1__uuid=00475ea1-8da9-4443-8448-baaff07d9f4aHawks Perch Technical Writing (2007). Carbon nanotubesand applications. Retrieved from http//www.understandingnano.com/nanotubes-carbon.htmlHyd and spook (2012, January), nanotechnology in india. Retrieved from http//www.indianofficer.com/forums/11771-nanotechnology-india.htmlixzz2Awlr7jNbJamie Jackson, CIS 121 Computer Programming II (C++). Nanotechnology and the maturation of Computer Circuits retrieved from Jeffrey H. Matsuura, (1957). Nanotechnology regulation and policy worldwide. why all the fuss about nanotechnology?. Artech house, boston-london.Journal Club ( 2008, may ). Mechanical Behaviors of Polymer-matrix Nanocomposites. Retrieved from http//me.utep.edu/lrxu/Mechanical%20Behavior%20of%20Polymer.htmJ. Clarence davies, PEN( 2009, April) Oversight of next generation NANOTECHNOLOGYJ ohnzactruba, (2011, may). Applicationof nano technology for energy, Retrieved from http//www.brighthubengineering.com/power-plants/87228-applications-of-nanotechnology-for-energy/Kanatzidis, (2006, may). Nanocomposites. Retrieved from http//www.cem.msu.edu/kanatzid/Nanocomposites.htmlMichael F. Ashby, Paulo J.Ferreira, Daniel L. Schodek, (2009) Nanomaterials, Nanotechnologies and Design, a brief history of materials, elsevier Ltd. pg 29Mike Childs, 2012, march technology making the splash. http//www.guardian.co.uk/nanotechnology-world/technology-making-a-splashM.C. Roco (2004, 2007), shift to active nanostructures is hypothesized. Retrieved from http//bit.ly/activenanoProfessor J.N. Hay and S.J. Shaw (2001, September). Nanocomposites proprieties and applications. Retrieved from http//www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=921Wikipedia ( 2012, november). Carbon nanotube. Retieved from http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_nanotubeNANOARCHITECTUREImportance of nanotechnology in architecture A P P L I C A T I O N S( Fig05 compend of Nanotechnology from an Industrial Ecology Perspective Part I Inventory Evaluation of Life Cycle Assessments of Nanotechnologies.)III.1. Environmental applicationEnvironmentally, Nanotechnology also has the potential to help our environment. typesetters case It controls pollution through source reduction. This is a method of eliminating toxic waste at its source, with the understanding that releasing the waste into the environment is the last resort. Source reduction can be achieved by cleaning up existing processes or by reducing consumption of resources where such consumption creates pollution.III.1.1. InsulationThe impact of the improvement of insulation reductions is counted by billions of pounds annually. Ref table(Fig06 Potential sources of EU CO2 emission reductions )Nanoscale materials hold great promise as insulators because of their extremely high surface-to-volume ratio. This gives them the ability to trap still air within a mate rial layer of minimal thickness (conventional insulating materials like fibreglass and polystyrene get their high insulating value less from the conductive properties of the materials themselves than from their ability to trap still air.) Insulating a nonmaterial may be sandwiched between rigid panels, applied as thin films, or paint on as coatings (Dr. George, 2007) Nanogel panels AerogelThis material as an incredible ability and capacity such as strength, it can take its own load 2000 times reminding that it has only 5 percent solid and the rest is filled with air only an are also applicable on fabric architecture or structures.Because nanoporous aerogels can be sensitive to moisture, they are often marketed sandwiched between wall panels that repel moisture. Aerogel panels are available with up to 75 percent translucency, and their high air content means that a 9cm (3.5) thick aerogel panel can offer an R-value of R-28, a valu

To Kill a Mockingbird: Jem Grows Up :: To Kill a Mockingbird Essays

To Kill A Mockingbird, by Harper Lee, has won many prestigious awards and is still a very classic and appreciated book in our society today. Jem, a character in the book, grows up and realizes that you have to step in someone elses shoes to understand why they make the decisions that they make. in one case Jem saw that the knot-hole in the tree was filled with cement he started crying because he stepped into Boo Radleys shoes. Also, When Jem learned that Mrs. Dubose had died, he stepped into her shoes and then entangle sorry for her. One way that shows that Jem grows up and realizes that he has to step in someone elses shoes to understand why they make the decisions that they make is when he discovers that Nathan Radley filled the knot-hole in the tree with cement. He told Jem that he filled the tree with cement due to the fact that the tree was dying, when it was obviously not. Boo was communicating with them by placing gifts in the knot-hole. Jem steps into Boos shoes at that poin t and figures out that all Boo was trying to do was go through with the children, and putting gifts in the knot-hole was the only way he knew how to without getting a lot of attention from the public. Jem knows that if he were locked up in his own house for that long, he would try to communicate and have a little fun with children that he sees playing around in the neighborhood. That is why he cries he knows that Boo is just trying to be nice and communicate with them, and he just doesnt understand why Nathan Radley would cut that communication between his brother and the children Another way that shows that Jem grows up and realizes that he has to step in someone elses shoes to understand why they make the decisions that they make is when he learned that Mrs. Dubose had died. When he was reading to Mrs. Dubose, he despised it, and he hated her for making him do it for so long. Once he learned that Mrs. Dubose was a morphine addict, and that her fits were from it, he ate all of hi s bad comments roughly her. He stepped into her shoes and saw everything from her perspective. He knew that if he were in her position, he would have probably done the same thing.

drugs in sports :: essays research papers fc

From the beginning of time sports have been around. It is the competition that every ane loves. The feeling of winning makes umpteen flock do anything to achieve it. Even if this means one must cheat to win. Cheating is monitored in professional sports by the use of referees or umpires. With the discovery of many nutritional supplements, many new forms of cheating have arisen that cannot be monitored on the field. Many players used and still use steroids to enhance their muscles so they are stronger during jeopardize play. Many random drug tests have been instituted to cut the number of people using steroids down. at that place are many other supplements that basically do the kindred thing as steroids that these players use. More and more are becoming illegal in professional sports. And people still use them. Illegal drugs to enhance ones performance are illegal, therefore when people use them they are cheating. They have created an unfair advantage for themselves illegally. Th ese people using these drugs should be banned from their sport. paid sports players get paid to play a sport. What more could they want? It is every kids dream. It they cannot play with out cheating they should not have the privilidge of playing at all. There have been many cases in professional sports where athletes have been caught for using illegal drugs that enhance their performance. Often players even use illegal drugs that have no service on their performance. These drugs are illegal to everyone, but it seems that when professional athletes get caught using them they dont get as harsh of a punishment as an average person because of their fame. Steve Howe received seven lifetime suspensions from Major League Baseball. For some reason that does not appear to be possible. If an average person was caught doing so they would be in jail. It is disappointing to see professional athletes receive special treatment because of their fame. They have a good profession why would they ris k it by using drugs?